Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture.Feminist Archeology Essay

This refers to a womens rightist perspective used in interpreting the past societies. The main cerebrate is on sexual activity in relation to class, race or sexuality. This archaeology was critiquing the truly uncritical modern, western values applications that were universe used to experience at the scope of archeology. libber anthropology has three drifts with the initiatory wave occurring among1850 and 1920, the plunk for wave was in the midst of 1920 and 1980 and the tertiary wave which still exists to now started in 1980s.The first waveThe main concern coming from the first wave was the need to ensure women voices argon soak upn into account in bea of Ethnography. They wanted whatsoever little information that women contributed to Ethnography to be include in all records of data that are available or gift recognized men who participated in the same field. Margaret Conkey unneurotic with Janet Spector wrote a physical composition entitled Archaeology and the study of Gender in 1992 which was critiquing the way the whence archeologists were overlaying the modern Western Gender values and norms on past societies manage on matters of division of labor based on Gender, of which all the contexts or artifacts further attributed to tasks done by men and all the characters affiliated to the mark were attributed to only masculine values. Women on the former(a) hand were asked to sequestrate professions relating to research laboratory studies preferably than field work (Clea, 13).Clifford believes that during the befriend wave, the female archeologists started poreing on academic sphere separating sex and gender notions, which had been used interchangeably during previous periods. Gender had been used to refer to the male and the female, their cultural puddleion and the kindred that existed between the two. Even though gender definitions vary from one horticulture to another, the feminist anthropologists were against the broad popula rizations that were world done. The female archeologist in the arcsecond phase also rejected the concept of integral dichotomies homogeneous whom between a man and a adult female was to remain home or go to work. Research done during this second wave was developed in a materialistic perspective. Theories tactile sensation on genial relations researched on women, production and reproduction factors associated with them. Many scholars that follow this Marxist theory focus on gender and how it relates to changes in production modes, power social relations and class (23). concord to Clea (12), the third wave that occurred in 1980s grow their focus beyond gender, to include archeology and physical anthropology. They focus on the difference existing between women rather than between the males and females. They focus on differences that come as a result of race, class, and even ethnicity. They also advance consideration in other categories like religion, age, status and occupation , what they mean and how they relate with each other, moving away from the male and female concept.Power was a crucial factor during the third wave as it gave the females an opportunity to construct their identity, hence the need for a fragmented theoretical approach that focuses on a particular fragmented subject.The headlands female theories were reacting to.According to Clea (41), first wave feminist anthropologists were reacting to the fact that discussion on women only focused on areas of marriage and family, with little regard on women issues and gender ahead(p) to a very deficient understanding on general human experience. The female archeologists also criticized the language that was being used in the discipline, especially the word man which was in a way very ambiguous, because at one point it referred to all homo sapiens and close totimes it was referring to the male estate in general.According to Clifford (39), second wave feminists on the other hand were criticizing Durkheims notion which recognized having a unruffled system, which mint easily be broken down in inherent dichotomies. The female anthropologists argued that the social system is very dynamic as the social relations at the end of they come down on practice. Feminist Anthropologists who emerged during the post-structuralist time criticized cultural feminism theory which was opposed by bloody shame Daly together with Adrienne Rich. The theory believed in the existence of a male or female essence which validated traditional roles performed by the male or female folks. The theorists focused on womens tenderness, sentimental and her subjectivity as her main self awareness. Those opposing the theory claimed that it ignored the oppressive temper of the traditional values on the women population.Clea asserts that further criticisms were from the African-American archeologists together with other people from ethnics, who represented the minority population, who questioned the power of qu estions that were being asked by in the beginning feminist anthropologists. Audrey Lorde wrote to Mary Daly questioning her view that the oppression women faced were monovular in women of all races. It views that the primaeval female anthropologists like Zora Neale were excluded from matters Anthropology, not because she did not train a PHD but because of her race. The African-female anthropologists believe that black anthropologists continue to be ignored or marginalized despite their great contribution to archeology (23).globalization is a major force in redefining society today. Discuss the personal effects of migration on the commonwealth- call down. Also, what does it mean to be a trans-border citizen?Joseph defines orbicularization as raiment of processes that embodies transformation of social relations or transactions which take for been denotative in transcontinental and interregional networks of activities power and interactions. It has been categorized in four kin ds of changes with the first focusing on stretching of economic, social and presidential termal processes across regions, continents and frontiers. The second kind involves the intensification of interconnectedness and smooth flow of investment, trade, finances, culture and migration (2).Nicole explains that while the third is concerned to speeding of global processes and interaction procedures, as there is study of global transport systems and communication platforms which increases the rate at which people address ideas, capital, information and capital. The fourth focuses on the fast rate global interactions which fancy the effects of distant activities can allow a great deduction elsewhere and how specific local development in one terra firma can affect global development. All these four kinds of globalization shows us that boundaries that exist between local issues and global matters have become increasingly fluid, hence it is widening, growing, intensifying and increa sing the impact of global interconnectedness (21). effect of migrating on a realm-stateAccording to Joseph (28), migrating on a nation state reduces the sovereignty of a arena referable to the acceptance by the nation to use international law and abide by the human rights prescript which legitimizes the international community to intervene if a country is not treating the immigrants well. In addition callable to globalization effects, migration among nation states reduces a nations Autonomy by transnational corporation powers and supranational bodies which reduce a nations capacity to create and implement policies and decisions that are touching on economical, social and political issues.Held &McGrew believe that a countrys authority on border control is undermined by migration due to burgeoning cross-border shit flows of capital, ideas, migrants and commodities. If elected officials of different nations no longer have the power to start national decisions due to supranationa l level, democracy reduces a lot due to lack of popular representation. This migration also undermines the important link between states and their nations, due to diverse and huge mobile populations with affiliations in various states, reducing blank shell for individual races. It result also see a decline in welfare state because of huge corporations and international markets having authority to restrict hinderance by affected nations, as they demand deregulation and privatization (34).Nicole believes that Western states have predominated the global stage in organizing politics, identity, culture and economic development of many an(prenominal) nations especially developing countries. Globalization has led to the proliferation of many transnational communities leading to increased mobility across borders of populations, as they increase the possibility of maintaining very airless links between their homeland and co-ethnics happening elsewhere (18).According to Held & McGrew, (1 2) trans-border citizens are also given the opportunity to erode border-control protocols as they decline the link existing between the citizen and his nation. In addition, they undermine the territorial sovereignty of a nation, as a result of creating cross-border links that are very durable, divided loyalties and many multiple identities.Using terrycloth Eagletons book, Across the Pond, as a starting point, discuss the meaning and symbolic representation of laissez faire in American cultureDuring the past many Americans have name the British oddness very fascinating, but according to Terry Eagleton, the U.S citizens are the ones who are more strange and individualistic in nature. Through his move around in language, national character of the citizens and the countrys geography, Terry probes the depths of the united States culture with both an academic mind and humor. He answers questions expressed by his fellow compatriots like why the Americans wake up at finish up even du ring holidays and Sundays. Through this book, the writer Eagleton shows true admiration of the American individuation culture.In the book Eagleton makes broad, debatable generalizations like Americans find it hard to do things by halves, The British are no enthusiasts of extremes, and Americans tend to sling things together that Europeans would keep strictly apart. Even though these observations do not apply to specific individuals, Terry generalizes them to describe how Americans operate, being given the way to do so because of poetry.From the beginning of the book, he recognizes the fact that most Americans will not take his sentiments lightly because of their total devotion to personal rights and individualism. He except expresses his point on stereotypes and his sense of humor by reservation an observation that if truly the Americans hold on to their individuality concept, then they should take his observations as an irony virtually them.While addressing the issue of obesit y Terry (9),believes that is affecting over 60% populations of the Americans, he observes that many of them have no idea that the entire population does not have people like them, or they have not gotten the chance to observe that for they are excessively fat to fit in the aircraft. This only means that the American population are only concerned with what is happening to them and do not deal out about what other nations across the world are going through. As much as most of the observations are not insult the Americans, his chapter that focuses on differences between the English and Americans is full of mistakes that are very hilarious in the sense that anyone who has interacted with people from Britain will automatically realize.According to Terry (21), violence on the American dream also brings about the individualism that the American citizens possess. He observes that, Americans are great believers in the fraudulent doctrine that you can do anything you want if you try hard e nough. He up to now does not understand why this dream has not armed serviceed them to eradicate poverty, early teenage pregnancies, social exclusion and incarceration. By attacking the American dream, it is take a shit that he is of the idea we should not be so selfish to the point we cannot realize when it is time to give up and let go rather than making a fool out of ourselves.The Americans political structure as explained by Eagleton shows how individualistic they are by nature. He refers to their politics as having only one party state that of egalitarian capitalist and republican capitalist, with the diversity of their opinions not even able to bear on the varieties of candy bars. He explains that the Americans are capitalists and that is not going away any soon. Even though people view Obama as a capitalist, he believes that the love affair the Americans have with capitalism is not going anywhere. broadly speaking countries that have a capitalism economy are individuali stic as they put their concerns first before any other (Terry, 23).Despite being humorous and ironically, the book has underlying meanings that if studied well can help in understanding the American culture. The change in leadership between the democratic and republicans and their style of leadership does not differ much as most of their policies are always focused on protecting their nation against any enemy that wants to kill the countrys sovereignty. From the book it is win that the country does not care about the needs of other countries as long as their own interests are protected and safeguarded. This can be seen in the way they handle the Arab nations when it comes to fighting terrorism.American government have in the recent past been accused of tapping phone conversations of big government officials in Britain, Germany, France and even the developing countries and the main reason for this is to safeguard their interests. The wiki leaks that occurred some years back are a tr ue reflection of the lengths the country can go to protect their nation without caring about what will happen to other nations hence their individualism.Eagleton has observed that the Americans may not take his literary productions in a good way and true to his wrangle many Americans have criticized his writings just because it did not favor them. If the writings supported them, then most probably they would have supported the writings. simply as much as its touching on the nations pride, they definitely oppose it in strong measures.The writer is however very individualistic in a way because he being an English man, only praises the British while criticizing the Americans. Having married an American, he should have at least said one positive thing about the Americans.ReferencesTerry Eagleton, Across the Pond An Englishmans View of America, capital of the United Kingdom Press, London2013. Print.Joseph, Stigltz, Making Globalization Work, Harvard University Press, New York 2008.Prin t.Clea, Koff, The bone woman, London Press, London 2004. Print.Clifford, Geertz, Interpretation of cultures Harvard University Press, New York 2008. Print.Nicole, Johns, Nation-states and migration effects, Oxford University Press, New York 2013.Print.Held, Dannies. And McGrew, Andrew, Global Transformations Politics, Economics andCulture, Polity Press, Cambridge 2000. Print.Source document