Saturday, January 5, 2019
Economics Land Reform Essay
Lesson on LAND illuminate land overcompensate refers to the full stretch of measures that maybe taken to improve or remedy the defects in the relations among men with respect to their rights in institute. Integrated sic of measures knowing to eliminate barriers to economic and brotherly evolution arising out of defects in the agrarian structure. agricultural Structure ( likewise known as structural reform) is defined as a complex set of relationship at heart the agricultural sector between upgrade Structure, Production Structure, and Structure of Supporting services.3 types1. Land Tenure Structure is a fancy which refers to one or much types of Land Tenure musical arrangements regulating the rights to ownership, simpleness and usage of Land and the duties accompanying such rights. 2. Production Structure is a concept which relates to the nature, type and modus operandi as well as the actual influence of drudgery or furtherm operation. 3. Structure of Supporti ng operate is a concept which involves matters like credit, marketing, the render of agricultural requisites, processing, storage and other technological assistance in so far as they have some ready bearing on reforms of tenure and proceeds structures.Agrarian put right (wider than Land Reform) the experimental condition comprises not only Land Reform but also the reform and development of complimentary institutional framework. It encompasses completely programs designed to bring about improvement in all the institutions surrounding erect life. It is concern not only with the farmer and the knock down he tills but also with the confederacy he lives in.Philippine Agrarian StructuresThe normal of land ownership in the Phils. Has been historically the major cause of social unrest. by 1960, the job of tenancy was far from organism solved. Some 41% of all farms were polished by lives as compared to 37% in 1948. Tenancy is still deeply inseparable in our agrarian str ucture disrespect numerous land reform attempts of the disposal. The problem was even more explosive in the rice growing, the rate of tenancy was high (31% in 1971). These figures explain why the HUK influenced was strongest in Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley. It even resulted to a. social clock bomb in Negros Occidental andb. Sakdalista revolution in Cabuyao LagunaEvils of Landlordism1. Inquilinato System nether this system, the dwell bore all the risks. The absentee landlord nevertheless waited for the harvest and collected annual rent. 2. Kasama System the tenant usually furnished the land, farm tools, seeds and expenses for transplanting and harvesting. Although the sharing was regulated by la, abuses by the Land Lord move unabated because of the weaker position of the tenants. 3. Takipan System the tenant compensable back two cavans of palay for both cavan that he borrowed. The rate of 100%. 4. Talindua and Terciahan low the former, the rate of interest was 5 0%, infra the latter, 33% or 1/3. If the contribute had been made in cash and was collectable in kind, the scheme called for a 50-75% interest. 5. Latifundia was the treat kind of paternalism that it bred in some regions curiously in the Western Visayas. Under this system, the tenant goes to the Landlord for notes when someone in the family died nor got married, birth, for naturalize fees, harvest is damaged etc. Landlordism was much an unjust and inequitable system. But, even more, it was an obstacle to economic progress, because, our farmers were hindered from rising agricultural productivity, a must for long-run growth.LAWS OF AGRARIAN illuminate1. P.D. 27 justice to emancipate the farmer from the bandage of soil first jurisprudence on Agrarian Reform (Oct. 21, 1972) 2. R.A. 1199 unpolished Tenancy Act of 1954 (Amended by R.A. 2263) 3. R.A. 1400 Land Reform Act of 19554. R.A. 3844 Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 (Amended by R.A. 6384) 5. R.A. 6369 Agraria n Reform special fund (1973)6. PD zero(prenominal) 2 declaring the entire Phil. As Land Reform area (1972) 7. E.O. No. 228 declaring full land ownership to dependant farmer beneficiaries covered by PD 27. (July 17, 1987) 8. R.A. 6657 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform law (1988) 9. E.O. 229 and Proc 131 Instituting a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 1987.Imperatives of Agrarian Reforma. Farmers to be independent landowners, increase their production, set them supernumerary from poverty and debt, and make them dignified participants in tribe building.b. would liberate the capital for enthronement in new industries, which would increase production and provide employment to the expanding population and reprimand standard of living.c. It leave behind correct the consecrate imbalance in our society where in that location are enormous concentrations of land, wealthiness and author in the hands of a few. d. not least, the land reform program will make democracy truly signi ficant to the people.Lecture 2 revenue valuate is the act of laying at tax, ie., the process or operator by which the sovereign, through with(predicate) its law making body, raises revenues to defray the needed expenses of government. imposees are the enforced proportional contributions from soulfulnesss and situation levied by the Law-making body of the vitrine by virtue of its sovereignty for the fight of the government and all public needs.IMPORTANCE AND think OF measureATIONa. Provide funds to instigate prevalent welfare and protection of its citizens b. to finance governments multifarious activities andc. it is the lifeblood of the nationESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAX1. It is an enforced contribution2. It is generally payable in money3. It is proportionate in nature4. It is levied by the state which has jurisdiction over the psyche or property 5. it is levied on person and property6. It is levied by the law-making body of the state and7. it is levied for t he public getsTHEORY AND BASIS OF TAXATION1. Existence of government is necessary. That it cannot continue without means to pay its expenses, thus it has a right to compel all its citizens and property inside its limit to contribute. 2. The basis of taxation is ready in the reciprocal duties of protection and support between the state and its inhabitants. (Benefit received principle) reputation OF POWER OF TAXATION1. It is inherent in sovereignty2. it is legislative in character3. it is subject to constitutional and inherent limitationsCLASSIFICATIONS AND DISTINCTIONS1. As to subject matter or physical objecta. Personal or Capitation Tax of a amend enumerate imposed on individual, residing within a specified territory. b. belongings imposed on property, whether real or personal. c. Excise any tax which does not fall within the classification of a poll property tax. 2. As to purposea. General, Fiscal, or Revenue imposed for the general purposes of the governments b. Special restrictive imposed for special purposes to achieve some social or economic ends regardless of whether revenue is actually raised or not. 3. As to scope for Authoritya. subject Tax imposed by the interior(a) governments b. Municipal or local imposed by municipal or public corporations 4. As to subside of Accounta. Specific tax of dogged amount imposed by the whirl or number or by some standard of weight or measurement. b. Ad Valorem Tax of a fixed proportion of the value of the property w/ respect to which the tax is assessed. 5. As to whom hears the suma. Direct Tax which is demanded from the person who also shoulders the burden fo the tax b. verifying demanded from one person in the antepast and intention that he should indemnity himself at the expenses of another. (ex. VAT) 6. As to Graduation or enumeratea. Proportional tax junior-graded on a fixed percentage of the amount of the property, income or other basis to be taxed. b. Progressive or graduated Tax t he rate of which increases as the tax bestial or bracket increases. c. Regressive tax the rate of which decreases as the tax base or bracket increases. (we dont have this kind).OTHER TERMS DISTINGUESHED FROM TAX1.Revenue refers to all the income derived by the government. (Tax is included as revenue).2. Internal Revenue refers to taxes imposed by the legislature other than duties on imports and exports. 3. habitude Duties Taxes imposed on goods exported from or trade into a country. 4. Debt Tax is not adebt. Debt is based on contract, it is assignable, maybe paid in kind and person w. debt cannot be imprisoned 5. Penalty punishment for rapine of lawNATIONAL TAXESIncome ( for purposes of Tax) all wealth which flows into the tax payer other than as a mere return on capital.Income Tax tax on a persons income, profits and the like realized in one taxable year. Gross Income all income but not including exempt income and income subject to final income tax.Example are1. salarie s/ final payment services including fees2. commissions3. sale of and other dealing in business4. interests and rents5. dividends and securities and6. income derived form free rein and illegal means
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