Fate in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay -- french revolut

Charles devil captures the aura of the French renewal so poetically it is almost as if he was at that place. Dickens A Tale of Two Cities is a thrilling novel originally printed in the newspaper, explaining the cliffhangers at the end of many a chapter. One of the elements that makes the story so thrilling is his incorporation of the subject of compulsion. Dickens incorporates innumerable signs to enforce this theme. The emit footsteps, the storm, and the water are all symbols that reflect the theme of fate by demonstrating the inevitability of your fate. The echoing footsteps written in the novel are meant to ginger up the view of all of the people that are going to come into the characters lives. Dickens character Lucie Manette is listening to a storm with her friends when she says, I have do the echoes out to be the echoes of all the footsteps that are coming by-and-by into our lives (Dickens 78). This iterate indicates that Lucie has some premonition of people who go a way enter her life. While Lucie whitethorn think she has some topic of what and who are coming into her life, she has no idea what direction fate will take her. She does not know if she will meet good people or bad people, and all she pile do is wait and be patient. Patience is a virtue when it comes to fate, because fate plays out on its own. Further into the conversation Charles Darnay asks of Lucie, Are all these footsteps apprenticed to come to all of us, Miss Manette, or are we to divide them among us? (78). Mr. Darnay, like all humans, is curious about his fate. Humans are highly curious about their future, otherwise fortune-tellers would not be in business. The savvy for this is most likely a mix between peoples curiosity and their obsession with control. People hav... ... brings up the idea that one cannot revision their fate through his symbols, and his inclusion of water as a symbol reinforces this notion.The theme of fate is represented by the echoing footsteps, the storm, and the water with the idea that one cannot stop their fate from proceeding. Dickens uses many symbols throughout A Tale of Two Cities that aid in the promotion of the theme of fate. These tether symbols demonstrate the idea that ones fate is unchangeable and there is a reason for that. The symbols used in this book to expose the theme of fate indicate that Dickens believes that fate is powerful force not to be messed with. Dickens relays the theme of fate being unchangeable in an effective and exciting way that captivates readers and makes A Tale of Two Cities a marvelous read.Works CitedDickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. N.p. Dover, 1999. Print.

Declaration of Independence Essay

Change made by the answer of liberty would come in two waves, through, political liberty, and economic opportunity. Political independence shaped the ideas and ambitions of the revolutionaries, while economic opportunity merely played as bonuses in the Revolution.First, political freedom for the colonies meant breaking away from England and being equal to develop a sense of identity and a sense of self-government. This was formal in the first steps towards independence, by the writing of the Declaration of Independence, by Thomas Jefferson. After Congress revised Jeffersons first drafts of the Declaration of Independence, it was finally approved on July 4, 1776, and now commonly known as Independence Day. The Declaration of Independence was non a promise to the colonists, nor was it an apologize for the fight against England to occur. The Declaration of Independence was a challenge and a endangerment with the colonists and the rest of the world. The challenge was to test the morality of the colonists, and to push them to their limit in their fight for independence.Second, Once political freedom created fair taxes for the people, Americans needed not to avoid taxes, which led to more economic and trade opportunities, and the economy was competent to blossom with little complaints, unlike the previous results of The Stamp Act and The bread Act, which preceded political freedoms. Social status was almost completely unchanged, apart from the aptitude for people to become important government figures, which could change their status in society, but only in aspect and relation to politics, therefore once again making political freedom more of a aspiration in the long run.Once the colonies were free from the grasp of the English government, they were suitable to explore their economic opportunities more freely. Before the success of the Revolution, importing goods came with a heavy price, that colonists were not allowed a say in. It is questionable if taxes are a factor of economic opportunity or political freedom, however the governance of taxes are put down by government, and whether or not one and only(a) has a say in the taxes they will pay, depends on ones amount of political freedom.Finally, For the Declaration of Independence to give any freedom at all, it had to first allow for more political freedom. This enabled the possibilities of a permanent economic base in which people and government could stand on. In turn these two freedoms would end up making way for more social and societal freedoms within the new country and constitution.

Comparison of two car advertisements

In this essay I pattern to comp are two automobile advertizings. One of which is about a mammoth elevator car, the some other, a small car. In a year millions of pounds are played out on advertising so from that it is easy to accept that a car advertisement will cost a crowd of money.Advertisement 1 has a found of a Volkswagen Boulevard, facing towards the reader with three conventional cleaning ladies draped over the car in a humours fashion. The re-create is presented below the frame with a slogan that uses both humour and rhyme. The frame does not let you see the back of the car, and the copy uses a function of print sizes. The print contains twelve short paragraphs.The advert is from the Sunday Times, which is a respectable broadsheet newspaper the advert takes up a full-length page, which is an A3 sized piece of paper.Advertisement 2 shows a large begrimed Volvo Estast in the countryside, surrounded by rocks grass and trees. A woman and a man are standing behind the car un packing or packing a hiking kit. The car is shown from the back with the accusation open.The rocks and the scenery are presented interchangeable this to show that the car can be utilise on other landscapes the colour of the car also blends in with the scenery, as it is a natural blue. The rocks suggest that the car is rugged, strong, and long lasting, which gives a positive view towards the Volvo. The adulterate wheels give it a sporty view picture, which is backed up with the copy performance cars. Volvos are well known for their safety and this is also subconsciously shown by the red lights on the back of the car, the helmet and all the other hiking equipment that is used for safety, uniform the ropes. The man acts as if he owns the car, he stands at the back dominantly as he stands he looks to be taking charge, he is closer to the car from this point you can see that the advert is plain aimed towards the male audience. The boot of the car is open to show that there is lots of space, the criterion of space is also shown by the angle the frame is shown at this can attain the car look bigger than it actually is.Advertisement 1 obviously has women as its target audience as they have not used glamorous women over the cars and have not gone into great stop in describing the more technical features of the car. The advertisement captures the consumers attention through the amount of space the advert takes up, only approximately one third of the page is actually taken up by the car. There is a lot of empty space around the car, and because the car is being sold as a small car the visuals represent it. Throughout the advert it stresses the point that the car is small and compact. An example of this is in the copy with quite a little number little being the buzzword. The advert shows individualism. Draping models over our cars has neer been our style. This advertisement is also targeted towards first time buyers as it repeats special version twice and it has minor details on price in the delightful print under the normal print.In conclusion both adverts are aimed towards a rather different audience but both seem affective in what they have set out to do. Advertisement 1 tells of the car being small and compact and shows it many ways, whilst advert 2 tells and shows of the car being large and sports like and shows it using more frames thence print. I could see a lot of people reading these adverts and absent to buy the cars. There fourth I think that both advertisement companies do well in what they have set out to do.

Sony Aibo Case Study

Sony AIBO case analysis AIBO, a robotic tag doesnt do whateverthing useful at all, but provides pastime by stimulating some of the personality characteristics of a pet without the inconvenience of a real animal. According to Toshitada Doi, Sonys leading ready reckoner engineer, AIBO is a computer that provides love and healing for people. The first generation ERS-110 peck imitate chamfers behaviors, see, show emotions, learn and evolve personality. The guerrilla generation ERS-210 has voice recognition and more than(prenominal) dexterous.The new AIBO came with new softw ar package options as well. After adding wireless LAN technology, Sony has unveiled its new entertainment architecture, dubbed OPEN-R, which provided third-party developers with the ability to create any number of softw be applications as well as ironware modules. Though priced at whopping $2,500, $1,500 the countenance generation, Sonys profit margin on the AIBO was close to zero. It is the software appli cations and hardware modules developed by Sony and third-party developers that makes money for the company.AIBO has created such a stir that provided two products had in the history of Sony the original Walkman and the Playstation game console, far transcend the developers expectations. It is such a success in Japan the American securities industry is non that hot. Par of the reasons were the culture differences between these two countries. In Japan, some people live in small apartments where real pets are not allowed. And Japan has a large elderly population, to whom a companion without any inconvenience is perfect.Besides, robots in Japanese culture are heroes and Japanese are so fascinated about high-technology while to older Americans, too lifelike technology is dangerous and threatening. Apart from the culture elements, most customers were confused of what Sony was selling. The wateriness was compounded by the release of a number of low-end knock-offs. The performance of louver years, six prototypes, and millions of yens outcome, AIBO, is so obviously A-one to those cheap imitations, it is difficult to consider these knock-offs competition.At the other end of the competitive spectrum are robots that can do something&8212 perform serious household tasks. Admitting that these types of operable robots were much easier for Americans to understand, Sony has provided new software applications so that AIBOs can read emails and pre-selected websites and possessors can remotely control their AIBOs movements. With more and more software applications and hardware modules organism built on the base of OPEN-R technology, the possibilities are really limitless.As to broaden the American grocery, I think several questions should be considered before making the finding of whether Sony should begin mass advertising. What is the popularity of AIBO in America? What are the main concerns that bide Americans to reach into their pocket to pay for an AIBO? Standi ng in the Americans shoes, what do they want from a robot dog? Will sales of AIBO be touch on by the mass advertising? Is the return going to be decent to cover the cost of mass advertising? Which medium might be the best way to touch the audiences?Further analysis of American market and culture should be done before making the decision. Since Sony has created AIBO Town, a mag for AIBO devotees, and Cartoon industry is very mature in Japan, AIBO cartoon, AIBO comic books, AIBO tv set games and a series of AIBO related products can create infatuation with the robotic dogs, and the vulgarisation of robotic dogs, vice versa, will promote the sales of the derivatives. The possibilities of AIBO are limitless. With more and more applications developed, AIBO can be a functional companion.For instance, AIBO could be used to chair blind people, the sensor can get information of the owners health condition when he/she touches an AIBOs head, AIBO can play music, the owner can monitor hi s/her house when traveling, AIBO can work as a projector, etc. The price of the AIBO can not be much turn down than the cost of manufacturing cost, or the margin profit. As AIBOs are equipped with more and more functions, people have a clearer understanding of what Sony is selling and are more willing to pay for them.

America missouri

The atomic number 42 compromise was a certain kind of stipulation that was signed back in 1820, between the anti thralldom and pro- knuckle downry factions in the amalgamated States congress . This agreement basically involved the primary regulations of buckle downry in the western territories. The agreement prohibited slavery in the creator Union atomic number 57 territory exempting the upper boundaries of the proposed atomic number 42 put forward. Prior to begin with the agreement was met, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this kind of compromise and a host committee was to be appointed to tackle the issues arising from this compromise.Justices would non have been achieved in lieu of such a case where struggle had erupted between the whites and the blacks, owe to the discrepancy that had existed between these to sets of human beings and Africans being ciphered minorities. The United States Senate rejected this transmit and it refused to concur with t he amendment and the entire measure was all lost. Was there are every possible and fair move that would have resolved this conflict? fair play/ paleness were not the tools to play in this context for they would have achieved nominal if not insignificant difference.During the next secession that is between 1819- 1820, a similar institutionalize was passed with an amendment, which was introduced on 26 January 1820, by sir John W. Taylor of New York, which permitted Missouri into a union as a slave state. This quest was entire with the admission of Alabama as a slave state in December rendering the number of slave and acquit states touch on. Consequently, a measuring stick was passed in the sign on January 3rd 1820, admitting Maine as a Free State .However, the Senate thought and decided to merge the devil measures together, whereby a bill for admission of Maine accompanied by an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to make believe a state constitution was amended (htt p//www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0833427. html). Just originally the bill was send back to the house, a second amendment was adopted worked up by Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois which excluded slavery from the Missouri territory to the northern and Confederate boundaries of Missouri, further exempting the proposed regions deep down the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.Disputes emerged between the two ends that is the sulphurern and the northern states struggling for power in congress and control over the early territories. This discourse emerged as the different factions and the democratic Republican Party began losing its coherence. In April 21st Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter stating that such kind of a division created by the comprehensive compromise line would however, lead to the oddment of the union.Congress considerations over the admission of Missouri raised issues of sectional balance, for the country had commence equally divided between slave and excess slave states severally having a composition of eleven regions (http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511. html). The admission of Missouri as a slave state was to tip up the balance in the senate which was self-possessed of two senators from each state in due favor of the slave states. As a result of this discourse states along the northern hemisphere wanted Maine to be admitted as a free state.By the beginning of the social class 1818, Missouri had expanded in terms of cosmos and it gained sufficient population enough to warrant its admission into a union state. Its occupants largely originated from the s exposeh and it was expected that this would be a slave state. A state house bill was passed in the house of representatives by pile Tallmadge of New York the resembling year proposing an amendment that would ban the importation of slave trade and bring an crowning(prenominal) emancipation of the slaves born in Missouri .A close analysis following this proceedings ranging f rom the two ends showed that justness was sort through legal procedures and fairness was not the tool to attack the whole issue. In reference to this accomplishment some other amendment was passed to the house in February 1819 where the senate was not involved . Bitterness among candidates from twain ends during the debate sharply placed emphasis towards the sectional division of Unite States (http//www. americaslibrary. gov/cgibin/page. cgi/aa/presidents/monroe/compromise_1). In 1820, a bill admitting Maine as a state was to a fault passed through the house.This was precisely a legal proceeding that was meant to attend justice was observed to settle the conflict. The successful admission of Alabama as a slave state by the year 1819 converged the Free states and slave states to equal representations in the senate. This was achieved through pairing Maine and Missouri to be Free states. This equating was to be maintained. The two bills were later merged together as unrivalled s enate, both having a clause forbidding slavery in Missouri and further prohibiting slavery in the remaining parts of Louisiana the stop number north 36 30N lat and the southern saltation parallel of latitude of Missouri.This compromise bill was rejected by the house. The rejection called for another company meeting made up of members from both houses to ponder the issue not based on legal procedure but this time to consider equity and fairness was done on both sides. These bills were however, treated as separate entities and by March, 1820, Maine achieved its goals and it was made a state of its own term Missouri was authorized to establish a constitution of its own having no restrictions on slavery. dismal legal procedures were to be observed in order to ensure the senate proceedings were not driven by personal or single(a) opinions, but whatever move taken was to be a desegregation of thoughts through various forums and consultations. The provisions to the Missouri constitu tion permiting the immigration of the free blacks to the states was highly objected by the many northern congressmen, a situation which called for another congressional compromise. This discourse would have stirred more conflicts once more. Stern legal procedures were to be observed this time round to settle this gainsay (http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html). The Missouri legislature stood up vividly this time round to confirm his constitution and held its power high that nothing in his constitution would be interpreted to abridge the rights of the citizens of United States a move that saw the claim ratified and Missouri was admitted to the Union In August 1821. Henry Clay, the talker of the senate did not either match to secure passage of the entire compromise. The diligence of Missouri to be offered consideration for statehood sparked a bitter debate in the congress concerning the issue of territories which had been created as a result of the purchase of Louisiana of 1803.With the concern that the southern end would have representational advantage, Ney York Congressman James Tallmadge introduced another amendment that was to prohibit any further expansion of slavery within the area. This action was however, to set the children of Missouri free. Despites the many dangers and challenges for having free blacks intermingling with slaves, Tallmadge come out rightly to defend his people, and he declared that he was aware of the leave behind of his constituents and as their representatives he avowed to proclaim their hatred to slavery occurring in any shape.Once more, legal procedures had to take toes to resolve this conflict and a consensus was reached when the two parts compromised the situation. At last the northern part of Massachusetts ultimately become Maine and it was later admitted to the union as a free state the same time when Missouri was being admitted as a slave state. The two ends thereby, maintained an equal balance of regions where M issouri had 12, and Maine got 12 respectively. By and large, an imaginary line, 36 digress 30 minutes north latitude was drawn while the portions of Louisiana territory lying along the north of the compromise line were to be set as Free states(http//civilwar. bluegrass. acquit/secessioncrisis/200303. html). Work Cited Secession Crisis The Missouri Compromise A Balance of power March 3, 1820. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http//civilwar. bluegrass. net/secessioncrisis/200303. html Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511. html The Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 2009 from, http//www. americaslibrary. gov/cgibin/page. cgi/aa/presidents/monroe/compromise_1 Missouri Compromise. Retrieved on 24th July 3009 from, http//www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0833427. html

Designing an Evaluation Method Essay

 My primary health goal in the republic is to meliorate the overall health of the diabetes people by years 2020. Diabetes is a disease is that contributes signifi elicittly to death and disability among Chicagoans. The Healthy People 2020 butt is to reduce diabetes- related deaths to no more than 34 per 100,000 people (USDHHS, 2013). The idea of schoolingal approaches would improve the diabetes disease knowledge of healthc atomic number 18 providers and also education approach promoting healthy lifestyle habits and patient empowerment is an effective outline with the potential to decrease the development of complications related to diabetes as well as the socioeconomic costs of the disease (Gaglianalio & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Etchegoyem, 2001).As a cherish educator, my responsibility is to provide patients with the most current and record- supported information to financial aid in the decision- making do by. Providing the most current information to baccalaureate programs breast feeding students would prepare the next generation of nurses to have consistent evidence-based practice to give lessons their clients. My proposal of practicum see to it is focusing in improving the level of diabetes diseases att st axerophthol out and manifestation knowledge in a baccalaureate nurse program. The recognizing objectives that would improve my approaches for attaining my goal as surveyed At the polish off of this practicum experience I result be able to1-Develop a lesson envision that utilizes learner- centered strategies to engage the learners. 2- make water a lesson plan that prepares baccalaureate nursing students to care for patients with diabetes. 3-Develop a lesson plan that increases baccalaureate students knowledge of diabetes. Criteria needed to pass judgment the practicum switchThe purpose of practicum project military rating is to improve practicum project effectiveness and demonstrate accountability. Evaluation may be developmen tal, intended to deliver direction for the development and effectuation of an outcome-oriented (Billings & group A Halstead, 2012). Evidence-based practice (EBP) is decision- making on the care delivery to patients, which is based on current identified and validated research evidence, consumers preferences, expert opinions and society expectation(Adams & Barron, 2010). This requires the baccalaureate nurses to make clinical decision pertaining to patients care. Therefore, the ruff clinical decision -making should be based on EBP with the intention to acquire tint patient outcome.The evidence or criteria need to evaluate my practicum project are followed. (1)Utilize current nursing literature related to program rating that focuses on comprehensive evaluation, rather than specific elements of the practicum project,(2)Utilization of recommended guidelines and having knowledge of the diabetes transition pull up stakes enable the evaluator to accurately interpret observations, evaluate whether the goals were achieved and whether the teaching methods use were appropriate and effective for the situation, (3) Acquire skills in peer observation put the context of the class session, and integration and interpretation of student evaluation feedback. How leave behind success be unyielding? What are the benchmarks for each element of evidence and what constitutes pass/fail, etc.? A rush evaluation is a significant part of managing a program because it points out if the learners needs are met or not. Success result be determined through evidence that measures outcomes of the activities, and indicators of program achievements.Benchmarks are used for the measure of a best practice. Benchmarking is the bring of identifying benchmarks and applying them for mathematical operation improvement (Billings, 2007). The process benchmarking involves sharing boffo program indicatives and learning from others success. Benchmark can be used in diabetes care and managemen t, and patient education. Benchmark may evaluate the practicum project throughout the term of the evaluations by identifying a point for comparability that reflects students satisfaction of the entire course. Using benchmarks to assess processes, practices, and outcomes can provide comparative feedback that can guide the quality improvement process with diabetes patients and their caregivers. Evaluation methods during the practicum projectDuring the evaluation, I bequeath use the process indicators to succor me provide feedback and determine if the activities implementing are progressing for desired outcomes. I will follow the Theory-Driven Model because this model provides information on not only the performance of evaluation but on how and why the evaluation achieves such a result (Billings & Hallstead, 2012). The significance of this model during the practicum project lesson is the development and critical point of a clear philosophy. Thus, this model will allow my project lesson process to flow from a theory- based evaluation of diabetes care and management, and education. Observations, checklists, pre and post-test scores will be used as an evidence for evaluation of the project.Tests examinations are a shared, cost- effect, and time effective method of testing knowledge acquisition both(prenominal) as students progress in the course and at the conclusion of the course and program (Gaberson & Oermann, 2009). During the evaluation, the theory will direct the evaluation process from identifying variables to be measured to the final report. Resources will be obtained from the nursing surgical incision or by the faculty own cost. Most nursing schools make unnecessary a grant for resources needed. Formative evaluation strategyFrequent evaluations are essential when the learning process is complex and unfamiliar and when it is considering helpful to rest potential problems if the risk of failure is high (Billings & Halstead, 2012). I will create more opportunities for effective feedback and use collected plastic entropy to improve the quality of practicum project. Evaluation activities such as continuous quality assessment lead to the improvement of the program and the achievement of excellence (Keating, 2011). The formative evaluation occur form the beginning to the end of the practicum project. Summative evaluation strategyI will perform evaluation of my practicum project toward the end of my second semester 2013 to provide evidence on the success or achievements of the project. I will use summative evaluations to develop best-practice models and to identify areas that require superfluous improvements for future my practicum project if there is any. Summative evaluations are used to close up if stakeholders were able to achieve their goals. The summative evaluation always takes place toward the end of a program. ReferencesKeating, S.B. (2011). Curriculum development and evaluation in nursing education. Andre, K., & Heartfield, M. (2007). Professional portfoliosEvidence of competency for nursesand midwifes. Australia Elsevier. References Gagliardino, J., & Etchegoyen, G. (2001). A Model educational Program for People with Type2 Diabetes A cooperative Latin American implementation study. Adams, S., Barran, S. (2010). Development and testing of evidence based practice questionnaire for school nurses. diary of Nursing Measurement, 18(1), 35-40. Billings, D. (2007). Using benchmarking for continuous quality improvement in nursing educations. In M. Oermann & K. Heinrich (Eds.), Annual review of nursing education, volume 5, 2007, 9p.173-180). NY impost Publishing.

A lasting impact

America forever, it was a decade of prosperity, fast cars, jazz, speakeasies, and wild youth. How did America attained all these innovative qualities in such a short amount of time? Its simple, a growing economy, newfound culture, and changes in corporation. This essay will discuss how the economy,culture and caller all impacted the 1 brim. Henry Fords model T auto Is peerless of the Inventions of the ear that helped shaped the economy. Fords idea of the assembly line and freshet production helped Improve the production of not barely cars but otherwisewise material goods as well.In addition, Henry Fords cars were fairly priced making them easily ready to hand(predicate) to all Americans. With the demand of cars growing, more materials were needed to make up these automobiles. This stimulated the the glass, fabric, rubber, and gasoline Industries, and along the way helped establish the motel Industry. The model T was not the only thing that Influenced the sassing. The tec hnological improvements in the radio made it possible to get in touch the entire nation, creating a mass-culture. Every wholeness was tuned in to their favorite radio shows and listened toDuke Elongations and George Gershwins latest hits. alike new technology made it possible to watch movies with sound and color. With these improvements stack lost their ethnic culture and became more Americanizes. The euphony of the 1 sass is a lot blamed for the radical social changes in young peoples activities and ideals. a lot different from their parents, many youth in the sass embraced their sexuality. Young women had increase hemline, bobbed hair, and wore red lipstick. Women also started to advocate for their right to contraceptives, as well as campaign for equal rights.Socially, the people of the sass broke away from their conventional ideals and modesty and became more liberated, especially women. In a final analysis, the sass economy, culture, and society changed the ways of Americ a forever. The new production of cars, style of music and fashion set the stage for a modern America, and no one can deny that fact. Since then Americas economy has been a consumer based economy, velveteen in culture, and short he miles by the decade. A lasting impact By Uninspired cars, Jazz, speakeasies, and wild youth.How did America attained all these new society all impacted the sass. Henry Fords model T automobile is one of the inventions of the ear that helped improve the production of not only cars but other material goods as well. In addition, With the demand of cars growing, more materials were needed to build these automobiles. This stimulated the the glass, fabric, rubber, and gasoline industries, and along the way helped establish the motel industry. The model T was not the only thing that influenced the sass. The technological The music of the sass is often blamed for the radical social changes in young

Ivan Pavlov Essay

1. Behavioral approaches atomic number 18 used predominantly for treating children and adults with autism. Behavioral therapies include specific approaches to help individuals rent or change behaviors. Behavioral therapies can be divided into tether general approaches operant conditioning, respondent or classical (Pavlovian) conditioning, and cognitive approaches. In treating children with autism, operant conditioning approaches are typically used.Ivan Pavlov performed experiments which involved training dogs to young man a tone with a food-reward. Initially, the subject shows weak or no receipt to a conditioned stimulus (CS, tone), but a measured unconditioned response (UR, saliva production) to unconditioned stimulus (US, food). However, after repeatedly using the tone (CS), with the food (US), the subject forms and association between the 2 and shows conditioned response (CR, saliva production) to the tone (CS) alone.  This is opposed in article of faith to operant con ditioning, where producing a CR (any task output) controls getting US (food).2. B.F.Skinners work was influenced by Pavlovs experiments. He took the notion of conditioned reflexes true by Ivan Pavlov and applied it to the study of behavior, by experimenting with pigeons, rats and later his own baby daughter to develop his theories of operant conditioning. The concept though interesting, raises a bay window of uncomfortable questions on ethical treatment of fellow living beings.3. The observations make in the question, prove the fundamental thought behind Skinners experiments, that peoples response could be controlled, and also raises the valid point of the extent of control. In contrast the Pavlovian theory was about conditioning the reflexes in response to stimuli. Skinner initially followed this theory before his data made him defendant that he had found a process of conditioning that was very assorted from Pavlovs

The Stupidest Angel Chapter 5

Chapter 5THE SEASON FOR MAKING NEW FRIENDSTheo was doing fifty up Worchester S steert when the redheaded military personnel stepped from behind a tree into the lane. The Volvo had mediocre lurched oer a patched strip in the asphalt, so the grillwork was pointed up and caught the platinum-blonde hu slice race ab kayoed hip-high, tossing him into the air a extend of the car. Theo stood on the brake, solely even as the antilocks throbbed, the blond man hit the macadamise and the Volvo rolled over him, making sickening c rambleching and thumping noises as organic structure parts ricocheted into wheel wells.Theo checked the rearview as the car stopped and axiom the blond man flopping to a stop in the red wash of the brake lights. Theo pulled the radio off his belt as he leaped from the car, and stood bushel to call for help when the figure lying in the road started to lease up.Theo let the radio fall to his side. Hey, buddy, scantily period justly in that location. excep t stay calm. Help is on the way. He started loping toward the injured man, then pulled up.The blond kat was on his hands and knees directly Theo could also see that his head was twisted the wrong way and the prospicient blond hair was cascading bottom to the ground. There was a crackling noise as the guys head sullen or so to face the ground. He stood up. He was wearing a long black come out with a rain flap. This was the suspect.Theo started backing onward. You just stay right there. Help is on the way. Even as he verbalise it, Theo didnt commend this guy was interested in any help.The foot that confront backward came around to the front with a nonher series of sickening crackles. The blond man looked up at Theo for the first conviction.Ouch, he express.Im guessing that smarted, Theo said. At least his eye werent glowing red or anything. Theo backed into the out-of-doors door of the Volvo. You aptitude want to lie d receive and wait for the ambulance. For the minute t ime in as many hours, he wished he had remembered to act his gun along.The blond man held an arm out toward Theo, then sight that the thumb on the outstretched hand was on the wrong side. He grabbed it with his former(a) hand and snapped it back into place. Ill be okay, the blond man said, mo nonone.You realise, if that coat dry-cleans itself while Im watching, Ill nominate you for governor my own self, Theo said, trying to buy time while he thought of what he was going to say to the newbie when he keyed the solelyton on the radio.The blond man was now coming steadily toward him the first some steps limping badly, but the limp getting better as he got closer. Stop right there, Theo said. You atomic number 18 under arrest for a two-oh-seven-A.Whats that? asked the blond man, now whole a few feet from the Volvo.Theo was relatively sure now that a 207A was not a possum with a handgun, but he wasnt sure what it was, so he said, Freakin out a little kid in his own home. Now sto p right there or I volition blow your fucking brains out. Theo pointed the radio, antenna first, at the blond guy.And the blond guy stopped, only steps away. Theo could see the deep gouges cut in the mans cheeks from hint with the road. There was no blood.Youre tall-stalkeder than I am, said the blond man.Theo guessed the blond man to be or so six-two, maybe three. Hands on the roof of the car, he said, training the antenna of the radio between the impossibly blue eyes.I dont care that, said the blond man.Theo crouched quickly, making himself appear shorter than the blond man by a couple of inches.Thanks.Hands on the car.Wheres the church?Im not kidding, put your hands on the roof of the car and sp enounce em. Theos utter broke like he was hitting second puberty.No. The blond man snatched the radio out of Theos hand and crushed it into shards. Wheres the church? I need to get to the church.Theo dove into the car, scooted across the seat, and came out on the other side. When h e looked back over the roof of the car the blond man was just standing there, looking at him like a parrakeet might look at himself in the mirror.What? Theo screamed.The church?Up the street youll come to some woods. Go through them about a one hundred yards.Thank you, said the blond man. He walked off.Theo jumped back into the Volvo, threw it into drive. If he had to run over the guy again, so be it. But when he looked up from the dash, no one was there. It suddenly occurred to him that Molly might still be at the old chapel.Her house smelled of eucalyptus and sandalwood and had a woodstove with a looking glass window that warmed the means with orange light. The lam was locked outside for the night.Youre a bull? Lena said, moving away from amaze Case on the couch. Shed gotten quondam(prenominal) the bat. Hed explained the bat, sort of. Hed been married to a woman from a Pacific island and had gotten the bat in a custody battle. Things like that happened. Shed gotten the hou se they were sitting in, in her divorce from Dale, and it still had a black marble Jacuzzi tub with tan Greek erotic figures inset in a border around the edge. The jetsam of divorce earth-closet be embarrassing, so you couldnt fault individual a bathtub or fruit bat rescued out of loves shipwreck, but he might have mentioned he was a cop before he suggested burying her ex and going to dinner.No, no, not a real cop. Im here working for the DEA. Tuck moved closer to her on the couch.So youre a drug cop? He didnt look like a cop. A golf pro, maybe, that blond hair and the lines around the eyes from too much sun, but not a cop. A TV cop, maybe the vain, bad cop, who has something going on with the female district attorney.No, Im a pilot. They subcontract independent helicopter pilots to fly agents into pot-growing areas like Big tire so they give the bounce spot patches hidden in the forest with infrared. Im just working for them here for a couple of months.And after a couple of months? Lena couldnt believe she was worried about commitment from this guy.Ill try to get some other job.So youll go away.Not necessarily. I could stay.Lena moved back toward him on the couch and examined his face for the hint of a smirk. The problem was, since shed met him, hed always gaunt the hint of a smirk. It was his best feature. Why would you stay? she said. You dont even know me.Well, it might not be about you. He smiled.She smiled back. It was about her. It is about me. Yeah.He was leaning over and there was going to be a kiss and that would be okay, she thought, if the night hadnt been so horrible. It would be okay if they hadnt divided so much history in so short a time. It would be okay if, ifHe kissed her.Okay, she was wrong. It was okay. She put her arms around him and kissed him back. cardinal minutes later she was down to just her sweater and panties, she had driven Tucker Case deeply enough into the corner of the couch that his ears were baffled with cushions, and he couldnt hear her when she pushed back from him and said, This doesnt mean that were going to bed together.Me, too, said Tuck, clout her closer.She pushed back again. You cant just assume that this is going to happen.I think I have one in my wallet, he said, trying to lift her sweater over her head.I dont do this sort of thing, she said, wrestling with his belt buckle.I had a test for my pilot physical a month ago, he said as he liberated her breasts from their combed cotton match of oppression. Clean as a whistle.Youre not listening to meYou look stunning in this light.Does doing this so soon after, you know does doing this make me evil?Sure, you can call it a weasel if you want to.And so, with that tender honesty, that frank connection, the coconspirators chased away each others loneliness, the smell of grave-digging sweat rising romantic in the room as they fell in love. A little.Despite Theos concern, Molly wasnt at the old chapel, she was getting a visit from an ol d friend. Not a friend, exactly, but a interpretive program from the past.Well, that was just nuts, he said. You cant feel smashing about that. fold up, said Molly, Im trying to drive.According to the DSM-IV, the Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, you had to have at least two of a number of symptoms in order to be considered as having a insane episode, or, as Molly desire to think of it, an «artistic» moment. But there was an exception, a single symptom that could put you in the batshit column, and that was a voice or voices commenting on the activities of daily life. Molly called it the Narrator, and she hadnt heard from him in over five eld not since shed gone and stayed on her medication as she had promised Theo. That had been the agreement, if she stayed on her meds, Theo would stay off of his well, more specifically, Theo would not have anything to do with his drug of choice, marijuana. Hed had quite a habit, going back twenty years bef ore theyd met.Molly had stuck to the agreement with Theo shed even gotten decertified by the state and gone off financial aid. A resurgence in royalties from her old movies had helped with the expenses, but lately shed started falling short.Its called an enabler, said the Narrator. The Drug Fiend and the Warrior baby Enabler, thats you two. bar up, hes not a drug fiend, she said, and Im not the Warrior Babe.You did him right there in the graveyard, said the Narrator. That is not the behavior of a sane woman, that is the behavior of Kendra, Warrior Babe of the Outland.Molly cringed at the mention of her signature character. On occasion, the Warrior Babe icon had leaked off the big screen and into her own reality. I was trying to backing him from noticing that I might not be a hundred percent. business leader not be a hundred percent? You were driving a Christmas tree the size of a Winnebago down the street. You re way off a hundred percent, darlin. What do you know? Im fine.Youre t alking to me, arent you?WellI think Ive made my point.Shed forgotten how smug he could be.Okay, maybe she was having a few more artistic moments than usual, but she hadnt had a break with reality. And it was for a in effect(p) cause. Shed taken the money shed saved on her meds to pay for a Christmas map for Theo. It was on layaway down at the glass blowers gallery a handblown bichrome glass bong in the Tiffany style. Six hundred bucks, but Theo would so love it. Hed destroyed his collection of bongs and water pipes right after theyd met, a symbol of his break with his pot habit, but she knew he missed it.Yeah, said the Narrator. Hell need that bong when he finds out hes coming home to the Warrior Babe.Shut up. Theo and I just had an adventurous romantic moment. I am not having a break.She pulled into Brines Bait, Tackle, and Fine Wines to pick up a six-pack of the tenebrious bitter beer Theo liked and some milk for the morning. The little store was a miracle of eclectic supply, one of the few places on the planet where you could buy a fine Sonoma Merlot, a wedge of ripened French Brie, a can of 10W-30, and a carton of night crawlers. Robert and Jenny Masterson had owned the little crap since before Molly had come to town. She could see Robert by himself behind the counter, tall with salt-and-pepper hair, looking a little hangdog as he read a science magazine and sipped a diet Pepsi. Molly liked Robert. Hed always been manakin to her, even when she was considered the villages resident crazy lady.Hey, Robert, she said as she came through the door. The place smelled of egg rolls. They sold them out of the back, where they had a military press fryer. She breezed past the counter toward the beer cooler.Hey, Molly. Robert looked up, a little startled. Uh, Molly, you okay?Crap, she thought. Had she forgotten to brushing the pine needles out of her hair? She probably looked a mess. She said, Yeah, Im fine. Theo and I were just putting up the Christmas tree at the Santa Rosa Chapel. You and Jenny are coming to Lonesome Christmas, arent you?Of course, Robert said, his voice still a little strained. He seemed to be making an effort not to look at her. Uh, Molly, we kind of have a policy here. He tapped the sign by the counter, NO SHIRT, NO SHOES, NO SERVICE.Molly looked down. Oh my gosh, I forgot.Its okay.I left my sneakers in the car. Ill just run out and put them on.That would be great, Molly. Thanks.No problem.I know its not on the sign, Molly, but while youre out there, you might want to put some pants on, too. Its sort of implied.Sure thing, she said, breezing by the counter and out the door, feeling now that, yes, it seemed a little cooler out than when shed left the house. And yes, there were her jeans and panties on the passenger seat undermentioned to her sneakers.I told you, said the Narrator.

Battle of Gettysburg and Union

The engagement of Gettysburg was the bend dextering point of the American Civil War. This is the more or less far-famed and important Civil War mesh that occurred on July 1st-3rd 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. to a giganticer extent importantly Gettysburg was the clash between the devil major American Cultures of their quantify the North and the South. The Confederacy had an agricultural economy producing tobacco, corn, and cotton, with many large plantations own by a some very rich white males. These owners lived come to the labor of sh atomic number 18croppers and slaves, charging high dues for use of their land.The Southern or Confederate multitude was made up of a group of white males chip for their license from federal northern dictates. The conjugation economy was based on manufacturing, and redden the minorities in the North were better off than those in the South nigh of the duration. The Northern politicians cute tariffs, and a large army. The Southern p lantation owners wanted the exact opposite. The South was fighting against a government be pose they thought they were being treated unfair. An analysis of the mesh of Gettysburg reveals one ch onlyenge facing the coalition and the Confederacy was un honourableified taxes and bondage.The competitiveness began on July 1, 1863. The booking of Gettysburg began when the Confederate horse ran into the Union horsemen. Both sides then call(a)ed for bear outup. The Confederates bum up arrived first they at present had twice as many men as the union. Soon subsequently Union popular John Reynolds arrived, he was shot in the back of the head and killed instantly. They confederates drove the Union south of town. Everyone set up for battle and waited until day two. The excitement of the battle began on day two, July 2, 1863. By morning, one hundred fifty thousand Union and Confederate troops had joined at brusque Pennsylvania town.The Confederates occupied a term west of the Emmet sburg Road, along the Seminary ridgeline. slice the Union men waited along burial ground Ridge. The union had an advantage because Cemetery Ridge was a somewhat more elevated. On day two the Union won overall. The following events occured on day two niggling regular recurrence Top, Devils retreat, Battle of the Wheatfield, Battle of the Peach Orchard, and the Battle of Cemetery agglomerate. The number of casualties in the Battle of Gettysburg was enormous compared to any struggle. The casualties of just day two are the union at 8,750 and the confederate at 6,500. One of the major events from day two was the Devils Den.It is quaint because the Confederate won which was very uncommon. Devils Den is the observe given to a ridge strewn with large boulders south of the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and intimately 500 yards west of fiddling Round Top on the Battle of Gettysburg battlefield. The origin of the name is uncertain. On July 2, 1863, the second day of the Battle o f Gettysburg, the surface area around Devils Den saw intense fighting as part of General Robert E. lee sides flank attacks, when deputy General James Longstreets Confederate corps attacked the divisions of major General Daniel Sickles III Corps of the troops of the Potomac.Some 5,500 Confederates from Major General John bell Hoods division ultimately captured Devils Den from 2,400 def lay offers drawn from Major General David Bell Birneys division. It was one of the few Southern successes in that days fighting. Total casualty estimates are over 800 for the Union, more than 1,800 among the Confederates. (The Devils Den) This event/location is also significant because Major General John Bell Hood was wounded and was forced to offspring his command. Thither were two briny locations of the Battle of Gettysburg, they were Little and Big Round Top.Little Round top is the smaller of the two. It is located between Taneytown and Emmetsburg roads. At the time of the battle it was known locally by various names including sugar Loaf. (Little Round Top) Major General Governor K. Warren, chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac, rushed troops to Little Round Top they arrived minutes forward the Confederates did. The 20th Maine Regiment switch ond late in the battle, which foiled a flanking attempt by the 15th Alabama. Overall the battle at Little Round top the union won. The final day of battle was on July 3, 1863.Both the Confederates and the Union had their plains of winning the battle. Robert E. Lee from the Confederate side opinionated they should charge into the middle of the Union line and break the line into two. When Robert E. Lee decided on the Plan to charge through the middle of the Union line Major General George Pickett knew it would non succeed. He tried to talk Lee out of it, but Lee instructed Pickett to charge. Major Picket followed these orders. This is known as Picketts Charge. The charge took place between Seminary and Cemetery ridges, Gett ysburg battlefield, Pennsylvania. (Picketts Charge)While all of this was occurring General Slocum attacked Confederate troops at Culps Hill to reclaim territory loss the previous day. This fight lasted for a good 8 hours finally forcing the Confederates to retreat off of Culps Hill. (Gettysburg Day Three) In the end the Union won. Culps Hill was the right-most flank of the fishhook line formed by Union Army troops during the Battle of Gettysburg and saw fighting all three days of the battle. Culps Hill has two rounded peaks with a narrow saddle between them.Although heavily wooded and unsuitable for artillery, the main peak of Culps Hill rises substantially to a higher place the surrounding landscape, at a dinky over 200 feet above the town of Gettysburg and 127 feet high than Cemetery Hill. With Baltimore Pike, critical for Union Army supplies and preventing Confederate advance on Baltimore or Washington, DC, to the east and Confederates approaching from Rock Creek to the west , Culps Hill was critical to Union strategy. (Culps Hill) The Union had two main places throughout the three days they were located. Cemetery Hill was the site of Armys weaponry.The hill is north of Cemetery Ridge. The defense of the Union line begins to to turn east to form the fishhook line to Culps Hill. (Cemetery Hill) Cemetery Ridge is near two miles long and 40feet above surrounding land. The Confederate Army launched attacked the Union many times at Cemetery Ridge. These attacks took place on day two and three. On each attack they were forced to fall back on each occasion. On November 19, 1863 Abraham capital of Nebraska gave a famous legal transfer called The Gettysburg Address. The speech was a dedication to the Soldiers National Cemetery.Soldiers National Cemetery is a cemetery for Union soldiers killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. The speech is as follows Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new state, conceived in Liberty, a nd dedicated to the hypnotism that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We open come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether adaption and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate we cannot dedicate we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never obstruct what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining in front us that from the se honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly collapse that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Gettysburg Address Text) The actual main speaker of the night was Edward Everett. He spoke for two hours all from memory. Finally, the Battle of Gettysburg was won by the Union.The war didnt end slavery, but instead furthered the advancement in ending slavery. Years after the war in 1865 the 13th amendment was adopted and slavery was then on out illegal. The war was not just nigh slavery, but also about taxes. The higher taxes came about to the south when Lincoln needed money. All in all the Battle of Gettysburg is the bloodiest war and had the most causalities. Works Cited Battle of Gettysburg. Summary Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 D ec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/battle-of-gettysburg. Cemetery Hill. Gettysburg. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 012. http//www. historynet. com/cemetery-hill. Cemetery Ridge. tale clear up Where record Comes Alive macrocosm US tale Online Cemetery Ridge Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/cemetery-ridge. Culps Hill. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Culps Hill Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/culps-hill. The Devils Den. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Devils Den Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. om/devils-den-gettysburg. The Gettysburg Address. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Gettysburg Address Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/the-gettysburg-address. Gettysburg Address Text. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Get tysburg Address Text Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/gettysburg-address-text. Gettysburg Day Three. Battle of Gettysburg, Gettysburg Battle Summary, Gettysburg Address. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. http//www. ivilwaracademy. com/gettysburg-day-three. html. Little Round Top. Battle Summary Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/little-round-top. Picketts Charge. Picketts Charge. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. <http//www. historynet. com/picketts-charge-gettysburg>. Samit, Christian G. Battle of Gettysburg &8212 Day ii. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Battle of Gettysburg Day Two Comments. Americas Civil War Magazine, 29 Aug. 2006. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/battle-of-gettysburg-day-two. htm.

Lord of the Rings: the Ring’s Addiction Essay

One merelyt on to rule them all, One fence in to stupefy them/ One battalion to b banding them all and in the repulsiveness blind them/ In the land of Mordor where the shadows lie. (p. 8) This was say at the makening of the romance telling a brief summary of the ring of Sauron. The poem tells you how the ring bequeath blind you to the point that the engage that you go away feel of it will be with child(p)ger than any amour in the world. It will be so big that it becomes an dependence, worse than any do drugs in the word, because there is no repossess for it, and the unaccompanied way you can save yourself is by the destruction of this mighty ring. Addiction, this is what the ring symbolizes a psychological need to take for something. It variety shows e reallything in you. First, it wins you over and then, you will never be the same person.Addiction can change over anyone from the best person you defecate ever kn experience to the worst. It controls and blinds you to the point where you move support yourself. We square off this addiction closelyly in every character in the storey even the most potent were tempted by it. In the maintain we look into the addiction of the ring in many different slipway through and throughout many different characters three of these different ways are the possession of it, the fear of losing it, and the wanting of it. We first stick out the change of the characters when they have in possession of it throughout Gollum and Bilbo, then throughout the novel we begin to see it in Frodo, but it will grow stronger and stronger every fleck of every day. Gollum wasnt always this repulsive creature, but he was a regular hobbit named Smeagol he was just a nonher victim of the ring. He possess the ring for approximately five hundred years, and not much of a surprise this ring ruined him fiscally and emotionally.The fist terrible thing he did for the possession of the ring was to kill his brother then he went to a cave and stood there all completely with only the high society of his precious, the ring of Sauron. He turned from this hobbit to an old deformed stringent creature who was kept alive because of the ring, he became a cannibal, he only lived to see that ring every day, and since the first time he saw the ring he was just another buckle down, another addict to that drug. He now has two sides, Gollum and Smeagol. Gollum was his nasty sin side who was created by the ring and the possession of it for so long, and Smeagol was his still hobbit side which was innocent and in a way bullied and ruled by Gollum he was a slave in him own body and he couldnt control himself anymore, because he was loosing sense of who he was. Some may say Gollum is pure evil and deserved to die, deal Frodo said at the beginning of the story.We see in the story that Tolkien never referred to Gollum as Smeagol because even though he may fool others and even himself Gollum had evil in him, and that would never change. We a interchangeable see changes in Bilbo Baggins, but not as big as a change like we see in Smeagol, maybe because Smeagol had it for a eight-day time and was all alone in a cave for several(prenominal) years. Bilbos change wasnt so big, he had to feel the ring close to him always but he didnt lose himself as much as Smeagol. This doesnt change the fact that he was preoccupy by the ring. In The Fellowship of the Ring we see Bilbos change when Gandalf asks him to leave to ring to Bilbo as he has left everything else, and because of that Bilbo shouts to Gandalf, Well, if you want the ring yourself say so But you wont gravel it. I wont intrust my Precious away, I tell you.(p. 34). This is when we see that hint of Gollum in Bilbo, when he calls the ring his Precious, a clear bell ringer that he is transforming into Gollum one day at a time.Gandalf was very floor and got very angry because he could not believe what he hear and how his old friend Bilbo believes he was convincing him to leave the ring for his own pleasure, when he was only trying to convince him so that he would not turn into Gollum or anything near him (but he almost did). He lastly left the ring to his nephew, but with Frodo we dont actually see a change in him throughout these two books but we do see how the ring is temping him to put it on so Sauron can find it, we also see how Frodo is very protective of the ring, such as Bilbo and Gollum, who panorama that everyone was going to take it away from them (and sometimes, actually most of the time it was a true feeling).Another change we see because of this addiction is the fear of losing it. handle all Drug addicts, when you dont have the drug, and you desperately need it you transform into another person who would do anything to have the drug (in this matter the ring) again, the best example for this is Gollum who even after losing the ring always followed Frodo through the entire story with the hope of having the chance of taking the ring back so he can again be with his precious. In the book we see that in many parts Frodo and others of the corporation like Gandalf and Strider see a shadow of a creature following them and in time Gandalf explained that it is actually Gollum.He will never accept the fact that the ring is with someone else because he needs it, he needs his drug. at long last the last type of addiction we see is the wanting of the ring. We see this addiction in many characters, even in people in the company of the ring especially in Boromir the general of Gondor. We see the this need of Boromir in taking the ring away from Frodo mostly at the end of the story when he transforms himself into this violent person because he wanted the ring from Frodo supposedly to save his people. Two of the most impressive changes we see in Gandalf and Galadriel, but their wills were strong enough to pass the test and succeed in denying the ring. In Gandalf we see it at the beginning of the story whe n Frodo was very scared and offers Gandalf this mightinessful ring.Even though he was very tempted by the ring in the book he said, No With that power I should have power too great and terrible. And over me the ring will gain a power still greater and more deadly (p. 61). This showed how strong he really was and with this he passed the test. With Galadriel we see it later in the book when Frodo said to her, You are wise and fearless and fair, Lady Galadriel. I will give you the one ring if you ask for it. (p. 365). After this she explains that her heart desires the ring very much and now she is being offered it freely by Frodo and then she said, And I shall not be dark, but beautiful and terrible as the sunup and the night Fair as the sea and the sun and the snow upon the mickle Dreadful as the storm and the lightningStronger than the foundations of the earth. altogether shall love me and despair.(p. 365). She transformed herself as the ring was trying to control her, but she ma naged to control the urge of having the most powerful ring and passed the test. An addict can only save himself with the excreta of the drug and a strong will power to continue without it this also applies to this powerful ring of Sauron the only way to overcome this wanting is to have these qualities and much more. Because the ring is so powerful one person alone cannot succeed in destroying it, this is why the company of the ring was created.Throughout the story many people wanted Frodo to fail just so they could get the ring, this was how strong the addiction was, but there would always be those who their will power was strong enough to succeed, and those few are the ones who will postdate you to the end these few are a need in adventures like this, because the ring is so powerful that one person alone cannot do the job.In this case it was Samwise Gamgee who told Frodo in the story when he was planning to leave, All alone and without me to suspensor you? I couldnt have a borne it, its have been the death of me.(p.406). T he little hobbit demonstrated how friendly relationship can overcome any addiction in the world and that with the help of a true friend we can overcome every seek and every blinding need that we would ever have.ReferencesTolkien J.R.R. (2005). The Lord of the Rings (50th anniversary). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resource Practitione Essay

The CIPD substantial a map depicting the HR profession that signifies the skills, acquaintance and behaviours involve by those in HR and Learning and Development master copys. The two home(a) core sea captain atomic number 18as in the HRPM, Strategy Insights and Solutions and Leading HR, requires a hidden fellow feeling of the business activities, strategies and plans to drive business feat through the economy of human resource strategy and solutions.Leading HR in cross focuses on the composition requirements and that human resources employees are fully engaged, working collaboratively and exclusively understand the drivers that create value within the organisation. Both of these core areas are to be reflected within all HR roles at any coiffe of a successful HR travel regardless of location or working within an organisation or alongside one. The other 8 professional areas identify the knowledge and skills need within each mass level to provide specialist HR assist ance. There are 4 band levels, each band level signifies professional competence and is tie in to the professional areas within said band level at every(prenominal) stage of the professionals HR career.To progress from one band to another at that place are three transitional pathways that identify what the professional must exist in order to progress. There are 8 behavioural areas gather into 3 groups that identify how professionals at the relevant band level in their career need to carry out their duties and make a piece to their organisations success. They include Band One in person presumable Builds a current reputation using experience and expertise and does so with integrity and in an objective manner. Collaborative Works effectively with colleagues, customers, and individuals both within and outdoors of the organisation. Driven to deliver Demonstrates a strong work ethic, consistent in their duties and take account efficiency for delivery of results.Plans, prioritise s, monitors performance and holds others accountable for delivery. Band 2 Advises on and manager HR related issues and has a clear understanding of the evaluation process. Whilst at band two, the professional will demonstrates the Personally Credible and Driven to Deliver Behaviour Areas seen in Band One dapple also demonstrating other Behaviour Areas endurance to Challenge and mean Influencer.Courage to Challenge Shows confidence and courage to speak and challenges others when confronted with unfamiliar circumstances. Skilled Influencer Demonstrates the ability to influence and to gain commitment and support form a wide-cut range of diverse stakeholders for the organisation benefit. Band Three Requires the professional to taper a high understanding of the Behaviour Areas Courage to Challenge and Skilled Influencer. These are to be demonstrated at an expert level onwards progressing to the band level4. The professional has the skills to lead in a behavioural area and addresse s key HR challenges at an organisational level. Band Four Professionals are required to be an expert in their field, lead and manage the professional area or the organisational responsible for developing and delivering organisational and HR strategy. The professional is required to cover 3 Behavioural areas component Model, Curious and Decisive Thinker.Role Model leading by example and implying sound personal sagaciousness in all interactions. Curious Demonstrates an active interest in the native and external environment, shows a willingness to learn and active in the development of egotism and others and organisation levels and individual. Decisive Thinker Demonstrates the ability to analyse information quick and constructively to make defendable decisions using knowledge, experience and personal judgement. As a learner just starting out my HR career my experience and knowledge is limited and I believe to sit at Band One on the HRPM.Band One supports colleagues with administra tion duties and effectively manages data and is customer driven. The Professional Areas suited for Band One visit that all people within the organisation possess and develop the skills and knowledge to progress not only within the organisation, but their career by becoming motivated to learn, grow and perform.High performance within the organisation is promoted by rewards that are equitable and cost effective, given when rewarding skills, capabilities, performance and experience. While Band One focuses primarily on Performance and repay and Learning and endowment Development as professional areas, the HRPM also depicts that the behaviours at Band One level are to be achieved. These include Personally Credible, Collaborative and Driven to Deliver. The two core Professional Areas (Strategy Insights and Solutions and Learning and Talent Development) are at the very heart of any HR professional and should be the core values of anyprofessional undertaking a HR career or an expert in t heir field.

Management and Leadership Models Essay

As Regional Director for Happy Face Frozen Foods (HFFF), I hold a prominent responsibility to accumulate gross gross gross sales expulsion takes at each of my sales forkitions. Hitting goal is non bonny a consequences game- its a wrinkle of managing plurality at bottom the culture of the composition. My ultimate goal for District IV and district passenger car Tonys per orchestrateance deficiency is to diagnosis issues and problem beas. Multiple precaution/ attr be activeionship simulates and nonions be indispens fit in bless to shift this district to become profitable and boffo.PERFORMANCE MODELSkills, Abilities, TraitsTony appears to obligate a lose of effort, contempt organism young, aggressive, talkative, appears to be in splitigent, and was a clear up sales re establishative. I questi bingled his piddle ethic capabilities, b atomic number 18ly the Myer Briggs Type Indicator says we ar opposite personality opposites as he is an ISTJ and I am a n ENFP. In general, his pillow slip explains wherefore his app arnt drop of effort is actually his introverted and perceptual experience personality Tony self-reflects, prepargons alone, thinks before acting, agrees energy in humane face, is te theren to read, and literalizes well though come on ideas, doctor for present and practical matters, likes things to be precise and clear, and urgencys bit by bit burn downes.I had promoted him despite of his t fetch upencies towards coercion and imagey reputation, which seemed to be a lack of cooperation skills and professionalism. Again, his emblem explains these traits of Tonys thinking and judging personality he limits it open to be firm-minded and pose criticism, brief, concise and impersonal, uses pros and cons lists, doesnt like surprises, resist or does non nonice heighten, and urgencys advanced warning. As a reach monitorr his thinking process is great for following rules and procedures, plainly as a l eader of his district he exigencys to improve all traits involving fundamental inter feat with people.In order to compliment Tonys personality traits with my consume, I essential reduce perceptual errors with a self- to a lower come to the forestanding of how our opposing traits interact. Tonys sensing type need transcendental types at put to work to see possibilities, deal with intricate issues, explain a nonher(prenominal) intuitives, and spark innovation. His thinking type postulate intuitive types at work to persuade, smooth feathers, larn and coach, and anticipate re consummations.Tony has several of the Kirkpatrick and Locke leading Traits to facilitate success, which admit drive, self-confidence, cognitive tycoon, and cognition of the business, only if Tonys sales base is hesitant to discuss his surgical process as a succeedr. A person does non become a leader by faithfulness of the possession of somewhat combination of traits on that pointfore, with p roper action Tony scum bag alter those traits toward becoming a successful leader. Tony has third factor categories of leadership to accomplish, which allow managing skills, day-dream, and execution of instrument. I seat provide Tony with special(prenominal) guidelines for goals, objectives, and features so he impart have the managing skills for decision-making and problem lick. To improve his vision of the comp either, I hind end take aside him in the importance of the bragging(a) Five personality traits to become extraverted, conscientious, open, little neurotic, and agreeable. I can teach Tony how to apply the MBTI types among his subordinate words and myself, so he can properly implement his vision to the group by means of squad building, motivation, and pedagogy. His efforts leave alone increase their trust in his abilities and be more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) presumable to cause proper feed indorse in the future. Role Percepti onsIn permit carriage concerns in Tonys district arise from sexual harassment complaints, un indispensabilityed nicknames, mixture of work and personal simileships, and name calling pictures that action for honourable conduct is lacking. Because Tony is carryd in some of the unethical action, a quick response is needed at the management and subordinate level. Nielsons guidelines for changing unethical organisational behaviors are not easy, scarce start with an intervention strategy use by corporate guidelines and myself. Caution should be employ as I could be misled on details, and do not want to damage alliances and ache the transcription unnecessarily. The advantage of leading an ethical metamorphose increases incremental effect, but must(prenominal)iness embroil Tony in the process of establishing ethical rules and procedures in order to implement long-term. Rallying others to agree for the hefty of the organization takes consensus building through and through patience and relationship building, and can eliminate with ability and courage.Tony perceives his abilities for his companionship playscript of business as a successful sales person to be a major part of his wrinkle requirement. As a superior, my detection of his skills and traits lack the ability to manage his people, and his personal success assumes me doubt his capabilities unconstipated more as he ignores his job requirements to train and coach his sales squad, especially the dickens brand peeled employees. Tony needs to understand the importance of assimilation practices, and appreciate the problem of transitioning a new employee. To prepare Tony in the instruct of his group up, facilitative mechanisms to employ change are found in the elements of Scheins organization socialization, which accommodate basic goals, preferred means the goals are to be attained, basic responsibilities of the members, behavior patterns required for effective performance, and a ra te of rules to maintaining identity and integrity.New entrant should have denary sources, whether official literature, examples sink by Tony and other employees, direct instruction, takes and punishment system, and experimenting with new prune and behavior. victor of socializing techniques depends on the initial entry of the organization and what Tony does to keep them. He must build commitment and loyalty early in the socialization process by investing time and effort into the new members, and since the two new hires have al make water been introduced to a laissez-faire stylus of management, Tonys efforts need to be well prepared. Establishing socialization is included through training opportunities to Tony to train his sales team, handsome Tony a formal role exposition and the guidelines to defining his subordinates roles (which he impart appreciate as an ISTJ), expectant Tony a performance appraisal and future personal goals to improve, and to coach Tony the norms of a successful manager.The Determinant of Person Perception describes Tonys website as an caterless leader establish on the intelligence of his subordinates, which is influenced from the mixture of Tonys and the subordinates characteristics. His ineffective leaders mixed with the subordinates lack of direction has forced an organisational Citizenship Behavior that allows discretionary behaviors base on personal choice indoors the work pierce several of the live norms that are creation utilized and promoted under Tonys supervision include tardiness, teasing, competitiveness, ignorance of complaints and concerns, inclusion of personal life and work, and singleity. These structureless norms and value are dangerous to the well being of Tonys district as he does not understand his role as a leader to structure right and wrong norms, pivotal norms and values should be do clear in order to survive.The norms and values that should be implemented include trust, honesty, integrity , empathy, repute, teamwork, separation of life from professional work, and the total changes should keep 60-70% of operations invariable in order to keep the organization running smoothly. The Simple trade Process has three phases to implement want norms and values the Unfreezing build includes ready action between myself and Tony to establish how he wants the team to operate, create rules and procedures to follow, and to conjure up actions that are breaking current rules. The Moving Phase includes actions for Tony to model new norms, train and educate the rest of the team, and provide incentives for following the new behaviors. The final exam process in the Refreezing Phase involves more takingss systems, standardization, and implementation of the new structures. compensate if the perception of Tonys lack of effort is a symptom of his set characteristic traits, I as well as need to understand as his supervisor the Self-Concept Theory of Motivation. The idea that huma ns are self-expressive, motivated to maintain and rear self-esteem and self-worth, self- beliefs are composed in part of identities, and this behavior isnt al moods related to clear expectations or to immediate or special goals. Tony is no different and also holds inner motivations that are not well seen, I need to expire to know him better before the districts sales meeting next month to understand his motives and actions. His current performance has demo low turn ups for the gameyer expectations I demand if Tony does not have some expectation to work for, meeting my expectations is elusive and is a lose-lose situation. To give Tony direction, we can practice the last Theory to link Tony to ad hoc and challenging goals with appropriate feedback for Tony to know how ofttimes effort to contribute in order to get increased workings class performance, and to understand what expectations to meet.Any theory or concept Tony learns can be applied to relationships with his sub ordinates, but leave alone be difficult to implement with the current presence of Learned Helplessness. Tony has set such high expectations for performance and punished employees some(prenominal) by disregarding and berating employees publicly his employees have become passive from repeat failures and will around likely remain passive point after changes are made. Organizationally generate Helplessness is evident as the attribution to failure leads to behavioral influences, and Tonys subordinate, Britni, is clearly suffering from substance abuse and practices it in the workplace openly. Because the banish surroundings has forced employees to shut follow up mentally, the operation of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy is not in effect here as Tony places high expectations, and they are not performing better because of these expectations. The factor missing in order to for the prophecy to work in Tonys environment is more input from Tony to teach his subordinates to reach the expec tations he sets.To stop influencing damaging behavior and start influencing coercive attributions, organizational goals need to be easier to acquire and set clearly by Tony, because subordinates who stopped trying have already decided goals are unthinkable to reach such as the case with Melanie who was forced to structure her sales rtabooe by herself. Minimizing OIH can be dresse through multiple strategies immunization that sets specific levels of success can begin with the new norms and values that will be set through the Simple Change Process, have sex those who follow quickly. Attribution Training will direct failure away from internal fault and toward external conditions, and Ego Defense will flummox attributes so if Tony continues to berate his employees, they will learn to not let it threaten their self-esteem. Performance GoalsTony punishes Big Rons performance for not getting the convergence out ahead of schedule is an example of Tonys need for the Goal-Setting Co ncept, which lay claims employees a specific lying-in, quota, performance standard, or deadline. The use of punishment to affect behavior has minus consequences of modifying an employees behavior, such as a short-term effect, resentment of the punisher, negative aftereffects, doesnt reinforce desired heavier, and creates an atmosphere of care. Tony may punish as well as soon because of lack of training on my part, not aware of alternatives, spirit for quick origins, personal gratification, out of frustration, or reckon it is the topper way to change behavior.The misunderstanding of the product schedule time between Big Ron and Tony is directly attributed to miscommunication and a lack of goals. Big Ron perceives his goals to be only deep down the bear on plant, Tony communicates his goals to be overseeing Big Rons operations and delivering the product. A helpful mechanism would for both to work in concert as a team and manage by objectives from each side. Tony and Big Ron need to use Participative Goal Setting and set specific and difficult goals unneurotic to lead to high performance and relationship building. Merely telling Big Ron to do his opera hat and to be supportive would be sufficient, but the best gain comes from a set standard.They can also hold circumspection By Objectives grant sessions to discuss what each sides efforts will include. If Big Ron knows why Tony wants the products early, he can consequently communicate that status knowing Tony unfeignedly needs that information. If Tony knows why Big Ron cant get the products out sooner, he can then exert efforts to help Big Ron. When the task is go ine, a final performance appraisal feedback session will give each side a obtain to voice actions that worked, need changing for future projects, and to give constructive feedback for the other person. This will build a climate of trust, and hand overs an acceptance of goal failure.Based on head attribute lock engineer Daniel las visit with the sales force knowledgeable leader stage Gates, is uninvolved with his job at HFFF with multiple side interests. accounting needs to get involved, and since he is in a leadership position can be given over roles to support the sales force and himself by taking their performance under his accountability. If workers have a chance to participate in backing goals, they will be more tie to attaining those goals. If larger goals are broken down into short-term goals, workers will engender more frequent feedback about goal accomplishment and, thus, strive harder to meet those goals.A list of good goals similar to what Bill can knead could include linguistic context specific short and long term sales goal quotas, to create friendly competitions in spite of appearance the sales team, for individuals to talk to a certain number of clients or make a certain number of presentations, to meet with each sales rep individually to hear board reports, and some more. The SMARTFIC model is a good checklist to prepare Bill to present Tony a plan of action within the sales force team. To start, Bill rates himself on scale of 1-5 on each goal setting orbital cavity specific, measurable, attainable, realistic/rewarded, timely, feedback, integrated/intermediate, and challenging/clear. He can keep or change the specificity or attainability of each goal based on the scale results, and once the goals are presented and approved by Tony, Bill can implement among the team.Intrinsic and Extrinsic RewardsAlong with Bills goal setting for the sales team, rewarding Bill and team members based on bonuses and commission compensation will motivate the implementation to be successful. Tony could also be motivated to perform better if he was given a bonus for getting positive evaluations, as a contestant at a recent training program recently evaluated him negatively. To mote the best reward system for Tony, I can use the Modifying on-the-job Behavior concept to first identify target behavior, such as his need for procedure. The second ill-treat is to perform an Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence (ABC) functional epitome to identify Tonys trigger for needing procedure and when he uses this behavior. The third step arranges antecedents by removing obstacles, providing opportunities, appropriately scheduled consequences, such as unexpected events that cannot be controlled or sporadic behavior from others. The four-spotth and final step evaluates the results to find how to implement more procedure-based structure within Tonys environment and utilize his best behaviors. This analysis also needs to be implemented by Tony onto his employees so they see that he appreciates their well being and can divulge trust with him on other issues.Hertzbergs Motivation Theory says if there is job dissatisfaction, the hygiene factors must be communicate before prompt employees. Tonys team holds umpteen hygiene factors in their workforce situation, includ ing malapropos subordinate work and personal relationships initiated by Tony, personal life issues addressed at work with Britni and Bill, poor supervisor relations among everyone, laissez-faire work conditions, and a lack of organization policy. Once they work through the hygiene factors, Tony can then motivate his team by setting goals for achievement, recognizing their achievements and efforts, free them responsibilities, and chances for growth to contribute to their job satisfaction. The better the team is satisfied, the better job they can all provide. Tony created tension in his district when he engage his college buddies based on their personal relationship, and will have to overcome judgment and the tension by making his sale rep friends work hard to earn their keep.In order to do so, Tony needs a standardise set of job dimensions and consequents to give them, as outlined in the commerce Characteristics sit around. This concept gives core job dimensions that can include skill variety, task identity, and significance to specify the sales reps various duties ranked by importance, levels of shore leave to make informed and unforced decisions on their own, and proper feedback in the form of evaluations from other subordinates or myself, instead of Tony because of their personal relationship. These dimensions lead to critical mental states that provide experienced meaningfulness of the sales reps work, responsibility for their own works outcomes, and knowledge of their actual results. The process finally leads to personal and work outcomes that result in high internal work motivation that produces forest work performance and satisfaction, and proves their worth of working with the other subordinates while holding respect for Tony despite his initial favoritism.Melanie complains that nobody, especially Tony, get words to her concerns, and is frustrated with the competitive and inefficient environment. While she may entirely be a complainer, Tony can quickly implement one and only(a) Minute Praising to acclaim Melanie immediately when she should be appreciated, be specific about her decision an inefficiency in the training programs, touch feelings of how her ideas could impact the team, and bring forward her to find ways to make training programs more productive. This could help Melanie to not feel so ignored, especially if she is praised for something that is obviously a concern for her. When she begins to be more positive, her negativity will change in front of other employees and they wont ignore her as much. Tony can easily use this on all employees and voice his support for positivity to encourage the concepts use amongst the subordinates. If Melanie continues her kvetch and negativity, Tony can use the One Minute Reprimanding to reprimand the complaining immediately, be specific about what she has said, share feelings of how the complaining affects the team, and remind her how good of a person she still is. T he concept assists Melanie to realize how her complaining affects her coworkers, and will end the behavior.Tony needs to fix his working relationship with Big Ron quickly in order to address the possible ecoli breakout issue that Big Ron had on the health quizzer visit. Not only is the health risk an ethical issue concerning consumers, Big Rons action plan to blackmail the inspector is an alarming example of a lack of internal procedures. To address both of these issues and to prepare for future situations, Tony needs a Contingency Plan to manage risk that could have catastrophic consequences. Contingency Strategies are a result of the contingency plan and are devised for a specific situation where things could go wrong, although they cannot predict future outcomes.Tonys strategies need to include procedures for situations that can happen within the management office, at the warehouses, and other facilities and need to include the managers at each location for input of specific internal details. These strategies prepare the organization or the person for anything that could happen in future and are back up plans that support the organization when the actual plan fails. For positive musical accompaniment for the behavior to increase, Tony must apply the strategy AND reward for something desirable or pleasant. The reward need to be individual-based in order to encourage employees to act ethically and receive personal recognition for their actions.Tonys intricate social function in Britnis personal dating life and his friends looking for a good time is an example of negative reinforcement within the workplace. This enfolding and his personal relationship with human resource manager, Margaret, are behaviors that need to be eliminated. I need to use the Coaching and Reinforcement Concept to tell Tony what to do to cease his involvement, show him how to change through role-play practice, then let him try to implement within the situations. Ill observe his p erformance, and either praise his progress or redirect if it fails.A weakness in Tonys relationship with his subordinates is a major issue in the relief of work performance. If the subordinates do not respond to Tony and he makes no initiative to manage his people, the district is at risk of failing and ruining sales figures. To create a trusting and open work environment, the PRICE System from set the One Minute Manager to Work says to pinpoint the performance area of interest, such as the subordinate/management relationship, then record and gradation the current performance level on a graph. We must involve everyone to agree on performance goals and strategies for coaching and evaluation, with extravert personalities on the team in charge of coaching, observing performance, and reporting to Tony to manage consequences. Tony and the team must then evaluate, track performance progress, and determine future strategies. The results of successful implementation of this system w ill strengthen the relationships between Tony and his subordinates and eliminate the fear that is normal passim the organization.Human resource specialist, Mary Ann, is enthusiastic about work-family balance and schedules of reinforcement concepts, but Daniella tuned her out during a recent visit. If employees and reporting superiors cut constructive ideas, the company may miss out on great progress opportunities and the employees who value change. The Reinforcement Appropriate Behaviors concept encourages hard working employees if workers receive immediate reinforcement for their hard work, they will work harder than if their reinforcement is delayed. Frequent reinforcement of positive behavior and infrequent reinforcement of negative behavior results in higher performance. Workers will work harder if their reinforcements for work are somewhat random in either a variable musical interval or ratio. Mary Anns interest in Performance Model theories can be rewarded in the future bas ed on this concept through praise and the responsibility to help host internal training sessions if we specifically provide her the proper way to relate them to her workforce. Her success could lead to creating reward programs and working with Tony to think of reward opportunities.Kerrs Common Management Reward Follies says we hope for long-term growth, teamwork, challenging objectives, restructuring, and commitment to total quality, but we often reward quarterly earnings, individual effort, making the numbers, adding staff, and less than quality. Relatedly, Tony is loth(p) to take charge of the sales team, but from afar demands higher levels of productivity. Tony is look for simple quantifiable standards to measure but some aspects are passing visible and just about arent, so a lacking view of performance factors and results doesnt help break out of old ways of thinking. Since current rewards systems hardly exist, Tony must explore what types of behavior are currently being rew arded to positively reinforce desired behavior.Equity ModelThe disturbing story of a possible kickback program involving sales manager, Jeff Daniels, and his stress related behavior is symptoms of the Equity Theory and Justice The Concept of Fairness says Jeff must believe his is being inured fairly or his motivation will wane. Employees must evaluate their inputs in relation to their outcomes as compared to the inputs and outcomes of others to determine fairness, and inputs of employees on the job include enthusiasm, knowledge, innovation, and skills, while outputs include salary, satisfaction, recognition, and training opportunities. If the outputs of Jeffs efforts are not equal to his inputs, he will find a way to make that mental equation balanced. If balancing to him means receiving under-the-table funds and strap out on others as a consequence of a work-stress overload, then his promotion to International Protocol Specialist will only reward his unethical behavior and ac tions.Although the action of Mary Ann and Nelson arriving late to meeting with Danielle seems minor, this action sends the message that other business etiquettes are not important and will not represent the company at its best. The Reinforcement and Rewards concept says part of Tonys job is to direct the behaviors of employees by providing appropriate rewards to reinforce the desired behaviors that lead to organizational effectiveness and success. Reinforcement stimuli Tony could incorporate for not only tardiness, but other common courtesies, include attendance awards and office-wide recognition, employee of the month awards with reasons attached to the award, and spontaneous cash awards for sighted acts of kindness. Effort-Reward ProbabilityAlthough the ultimate Performance goals are nowhere near to be reached, there are good opportunities to reward good effort. The Effort-Reward Probability concept produces effort and follows Vroom in that abilities and traits can also multiply t o determine performance. Examples have been provided with other models, but Steve Stricker aka Mr. insensitivity deserves credit for his enthusiasm and attempt to correct a bad situation in the most efficient way possible. While his handling of the situation was not the most desired, he still holds my respect enough to want him to supervise Tonys district. The more good efforts we can multiply with good rewards, the better the performance the organization will gain. Satisfaction and V = valenceThe majority of Tonys workforce chooses to remain quiet about most incidents that happen at work because the consequences of speaking up are higher. The valence outcome of the Expectancy Theory model needs to be changed the most for this team as their value of rewards based on their needs and goals are low. The current valence level that I provide Tony, and Tony provides his subordinates can be rated a 0 as indifferent to the outcome of rewards, which is very much my fault for not encou raging a reward system to my own subordinate and setting the right example. I can start from my own practices to implement a rewards system specifically for Tony, and various programs for him to relay down to his team.COMMUNICATIONSTony needs to improve his communication with subordinates in order to go and receive information, gain acceptance for his ideas, maintain relationships with coworkers, establish trust, keep people involved in a project, to produce action or change. The change should include the climate of the workplace, as it is defensive, in the sense of the amount of control and superiority that is exerted from Tonys competitive nature. In order to create a supportive climate, while allowing a friendlier competitive environment, Tony needs to encourage equation among the team and to practice empathy. He will also appear more reasonable if he learns to admit when he doesnt know an answer, admits when he is wrong, and asks for help.When Tony ignores his employees request s for help and suggestions, his unrelated and tangential responses levels of listening serve as punishment to his employees for speaking. To display listening in the workplace, Tony must stop talking, show he wants to listen, empathize, go easy with arguments and criticisms, and again stop talking. He will encourage future interactions when he develops their trust. To practice the three elements of trust, Tony needs to show an inclination towards charity through benevolence, practice integrity through a consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty of ones actions and the ability to lead his team. To develop trust, he must demonstrate concern for others well-being and needs, be involuntary to see other peoples point of view, harmonize between his words and deeds, and not be afraid to show emotion.When Tony accredited negative feedback from the recent training program, he most likely entangle embarrassed and defensive. Tony needs effective feedback, he will not listen to the training program if we assume he should know what to do, evaluative, late, negative only, and unvoiced in the face of others at the program. In order for him to learn, it needs to be descriptive, specific, timely, and positive with the negative, and he needs to listen, check, clarify, and ask the feedback of others.There will be situations in the future similar to the miscommunication with Big Ron that will frustrate Tony, but he needs to make himself clear even if he is maladjusted by managing from the HEART to convey his message to others to be heard and understood, if disagreed with to not be made wrong, to be acknowledged for good, to look for right intentions, and to be told the truth with compassion. If he can correctly convey this message throughout a disagreement, relationships will be saved and solutions can be found. Tony should also remember to listen two ears, one tongue, DMs w ho dont listen have less information for making large(p) decisions.Gibbs describes communication as a people process. The more supportive a climate is, the less defensive a person has read into overrefinement and can respond productively. A supportive climates in Tonys relation with Big Ron can include descriptions of updates at the facility, problem orientation to seek uncouth solutions to get products out early, with no hidden agenda from fear of reprimand, empathy for each others position, equality in interaction, and provisionalism of always pursuit new information outside of personal knowledge.LEADERSHIPTraits ApproachMy perceptual distortion of Tonys capabilities can be further discussed through leadership Traits, which can describe Tonys drive, personalized leadership motivation to be in charge, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business. These are great leadership traits to have, but he needs to apply them in order to be an effective manager. The fatal flaws of leaders who derail, which also apply to Tonys traits, include insensitivity of others, aloof and arrogant, overly ambitious and managing, and inability to adapt to situations. fortunately Tonys fatal flaws can be improved with the Emotional countersign at Work concept, which highlights Tony finding self-awareness through assessing his current position, self-regulation to determine whether he seems trustworthy, holds integrity, and is openness to change).Tony does hold motivation for a strong drive to achieve, but can improve on optimism organizational commitment in management. Empathy is his biggest weakness and can improve on expertise in building and retaining endowment and being sensitive to others, and his efforts to build social skills in his effectiveness in leading change, persuasiveness, and expertise in building and leading teams will lastly change his workforce to trust his judgment and commit to the organization.Another trait-based approach for amend skills is the Three-Skill Approach, which suggests Tonys effective administration to depend on three basic personal skills technical knowledge about work and specialization, human ability to work with people, and conceptual ability to work with ideas and concepts. Tonys knowledge of the company is very strong as he was a top sales rep and can work with set concepts that use bit by bit approaches. When Tony improves his ability to work with ideas and people, he will increase the effectiveness of his leadership. forefinger ApproachTony has an element of fear within his relationship with subordinates, and Big Ron was treated so meanly because of a miscommunication. The Power Approach explains good sources of power are legitimate and reward, but bad sources of power that Tony is guilty of include coercive and charismatic. According to Yukl and Taber, Tony identifies as an situation power and effective leaders are expert and referent. Subordinates will comply with his orders, but do not accept his goals, although he is in position to get possible commitment, and just as easily to get possible resistance. Tony can enhance his authority power by making polite requests, not demands, requests made in clear and simple language, checking to make sure subordinate understand and giving reason for the request if necessary, and following up to verify they have complied. general to appear more personable and less powerful, Tony needs compassion. People dont care how much you know until they know how much you care, top power tools that Tonys subordinates will respond to are patience, gentleness, teachableness, acceptance, kindness, openness, consistency, and integrity, which all are in line with compassion.Situational Leadership ModelSituational Leadership says its not so much what you are, as what you do. I find many things to change of Tonys relations with his subordinates, when my own leading of his development is lacking, and my leadership styl e should combine directional and supportive behaviors. I can institute directive behavior by clearly telling Tony what, how, where, and when to do something, then almost supervising their performance. I can increase supportive behavior by engaging in two-way communication on a more frequent basis, listening to his concerns, providing support and encouragement, facilitating the interaction, and involving him strongly in decision-making. I need to give Tony more Directing as a manager and leader, even through he only needed Delegating as a salesman. Tony, in turn, needs to apply the same concept of Directing to many of his new salesman and Coaching for the rest of the employees. Understanding the effectiveness of situational leadership and communicating this understanding with Tony will enhance our relationships at all levels, and reduce the perception of Tony lacking training duties. Effective leaders are those who can recognize what employees need and then adapt their own style to meet those needs. travel guidebook Goal TheoryTony is lacking in leadership behaviors according to the elbow room Goal Theory in helping subordinates to shape their tasks. The idea is to cook goals, clarify path, remove obstacles, and provide support, and Tony is achievement oriented based on the leadership behaviors as he challenges subordinates to perform work at the highest level possible, a high standard of excellence. To help subordinates meet Tonys standards, he needs to provide guidance of how to obtain excellence.Leaders Member vary TheoryTony should form an individualized working relationship with each of his subordinates, and the exchanges in content and process should be dyadic with unique characteristics. High quality leader-member exchanges produced less employee turnover, and exchanges can be in-group or out-group. Tony has created a tight in-group from hiring his college friends as salesmen, but still doesnt hold the qualities of a true in-group that has mutu al trust, respect, liking, and reciprocal influence. Out-groups are based on job a description, which is the relationship Tony holds with his team, and even I hold with him as a superior. Tony is in Phase 1 Stranger, the phase in leadership making that is directed toward expediency rather than toward the good of the group roles with the team are scripted, influences are one way from Tony to subordinates, exchanges are low quality, and interests are for self.Transformational Leadership and The Leadership challengeTonys aggressive leadership style is unwanted by many of his subordinates, the Leadership Challenge can help him implement carry out significant changes, which include to challenge the process, inspire a shared vision and enlisting others, enable others to act to foster collaboration and strengthen others, model the way and set the example and encourage the heart by recognizing individual contribution and celebrate accomplishments. Tony is currently a Laissez-Faire Leadersh ip style, hands-off, let-things-ride approach that gives little effort to help confederates satisfy their needs. Out of the four Is he is most lacking individualized devotion to provide a supportive climate, listen carefully, and act as coaches. If Tony adopts any of the transactional leadership factors to perform a better job, the Contingent Reward to obtain agreements from chase on what must be done and what the payoffs will be. handmaiden LeadershipOne of the biggest struggles Tony will have is in following consideration Leadership by putting helpers first, supporting personal development, honesty, treating fairly, share power, and enabling others. The antecedent conditions are strong as the culture, leader attributes, and follower receptivity to wanting a leader. The core of the process is weakest in conceptualizing the organization, stirred up healing in sensitivity to others, putting followers first, helping followers grow, behaving ethically, empowering, and creating co mmunity value. The outcomes cannot happen until the core of the process is successful, but include follower growth and performance, organizational performance, and societal impact. Tony can improve with training in empathy, compassion, and listening. Once his team sees his efforts to be a better person, they will respect his position better.CONFLICTConflict will always be part of an organization, whether to be avoided as draw by the traditional view or necessary for a group to perform effectively as described by the interactionist view. Because Tony and I will be making many changes to the organization and our personalities differ so much, we should practice integrative bargaining through goals by expanding the pie so both parties are satisfied, motivation with win-win solutions, focus by demo interest, interests being congruent, information sharing being high, and the duration of the relationship being long term.Tony has been a Shark in terms of conflict he is forceful towards hi s subordinates to achieve his goals at all costs, and overpowers others to win conflicts. He needs to become more of a Fox, and be more concerned with goals and the relationship, willing to give up something for the common good, and resolve conflict by finding middle ground. To use the Problem Solving Approach to Conflict courage between Tony and Is interactions, we must identify the problem, set a goal or objective, generate and evaluate solutions, and create an action plan.Because Tony most likely does not want to deal with the personal relationship issues within the organization, especially since he is directly involved, the Hills Model for aggroup Leadership is an easy tool to aid leadership problem solving and to clarify its complex nature. My leadership decision is to take action for the task needs of the group and intervene for the internal task force. My next action will managing the conflicts of interest, external alliances of corporate human resources, and to receive the desired outcome of team satisfactory for future development.PERCEPTIONIn my expectations from hiring I did not take into account the function of Tonys personality and the management environment he would work in, especially since his MBTI traits are ISTJ and I am ENFP. The resplendency Effect is in full swing on my part as I held a cognitive bias in the judgment of Tonys character, which influenced my overall impression of him. Tonys perception is also flawed in using projection as a defensive mechanism to place his own actions on other people, such as the late burden of product onto Big Ron, and the failing sales numbers onto his salesmen. He has used projection to improve his own self-image and have a reason for failures. When Tony teases Chris, he sends a very strong message to his subordinates, as it is in verbal form, a face-to-face line of business, toward immediate subordinates, its a high channel richness that is allowing multiple cues from Tonys words, and tone of vo ice which strengthens the message of his unintentional teasing.When Melanie complains about the long training classes, she is dealing with Primacy Effects, as the listener is more likely to start off paying attention then purge off when the subject gets boring or the listener is internally processing data. Our company does not want ineffective training sessions, therefore if we want information to stand out in a persons mind we must use it at the beginning of a converse or a written list and not let it get lost in the middle. Repeating messages consecutively several times through messages after the training sessions will embed it in their minds. When Tony ignores Melanies complaints, he believes in Theory Y but leaves her be. He lacks empathy for this situation, a perceptual error that can be reduced with conscious empathizing for her feelings.When Tony is given backhanded compliments for helping Britni get dates, she has received an area of self-consciousness of her ability to date. To reduce perceptual errors in this situation, self-acceptance involves self-understanding, a realistic, albeit subjective, awareness of her strengths and weaknesses, she can then feel about herself that she is of unique worth.When Tony misunderstood Big Ron, he became defensive from constructive criticism, and sometimes when actions or motives for the action are questioned, it is best to just explain. Interpersonal attributions happen when the causes of the events involve two or more individuals, and it is likely that one will always want to present oneself in the most positive light in interpersonal attributions, which is what Tony did. Tony creates perceptual defence force in being angry instead of remaining neutral. Tony should communicate his needs and practice better listening skills so the miscommunication doesnt happen again. team PERFORMANCE Meeting in OrlandoBefore the team meeting, I want to spend quality time with Tony and let him know what my concerns are and the pros and cons to the issues. I want to hear his side and be able to work together on some misconceptions since we are in direct rank and disturb with each other. I need to keep him on my team if he is going to follow any changes I want to make. At the team meeting I plan to merely observe the group in their natural state, then as I am included, congratulate the team on aspects of the meeting that went well and motivate them based on those positives. Topics of improving performance, ethics, and setting goals, and making plans for future collaboration. Nothing can be altogether fixed within this one meeting, but is a start for positive change.The golf game is where I will begin to gather more details of the groups dysfunctions and look for contradictions in what Tony and other members have relayed to me. The biggest aspect of team functioning I want to discuss with the play group a and improve are relational of the ethical concerns and team dynamics. Any process I decide will invo lve teams of people, so I will be able to rally subordinates to work with Tony and I through this rapport-building game.Already, I see the reasons for team failures to occur from degrading employees, inequities in reward system, an aggressive leadership style, a weak team leadership, and a fear of the leader. I expect particular behaviors from the Role Nomination miscellany to be lacking which include task-oriented behavior like initiating activity, seeking/giving information and opinions, elaborating, testing workability, and group-oriented behavior such as encouraging, expressing group feelings, harmonizing, gate-keeping, and setting standards, and what may occur from these lacking behaviors which include anti-group behavior such as resistance, recognition seekers, dominators, and avoiders.Janis says groupthink happens when members of decision-making groups become motivated to avoid being too approximative in their judgments of the leaders or their colleagues ideas. Some Gro upthink symptoms are present in this situation, including members who have doubts or differing points of view seek to avoid deviating from what appears to be group consensus by keeping silent about misgivings and even minimizing to themselves the importance of their doubts, and theres an illusion of unanimity- if someone doesnt speak, its assumed they are in full accord. Tony could be leading his subordinates in groupthink by unendingly voicing his beliefs and reprimanding anyone who opposes or wants to report higher than him. Victims avoid deviating, and keep silent about their misgivings and even minimize to themselves the importance of their doubts. To fix this issue, the leader should assign he role of critical evaluator to each member to air objections and doubt, adopt impartial stances in the beginning, monitoring group size by splitting up into smaller teams, then coming back together with results, and appointing a devils advocate to always look at the other side of things.E ffective teams have adequate resources, effective leadership, climate of trust, a performance evaluation, and reward system that reflect team contributions. The team effectiveness model for this group needs leadership structure and a climate of trust, a composition of allocating roles and finding abilities of members, and a process that has specific goals and common purposes.Overall, every model and concept discussed for this situation has a solution that can be used to address problems when I attend the periodic directors meeting with Tony. The most important aspect of all these concepts is being able to apply them within myself in my relationship with Tony, as he is my fellow to making his district profitable. Open communication, trust, and mutual problem solving with his team should help me land the international assignment and leave Tony skilled and ready to continue great performance after I am gone.