The survival of LEGO in changing environment

The survival of LEGO in changing environmentThis establish aims to add an insight into LEGOs performance in the UK trade and the strategies adopted by LEGO to be acclaimed today as UKs 3rd largest coquet seller. fit inly, a repair taking into custody ordain be attained from a consumers perspective in the Toys indus probe. LEGO a brand which was in shambles in late 2006 stepped up to perform tremendously well during recession How did LEGO man approach on to reach where they atomic number 18 today? In the passing chapters, a detai take description will be provided on how LEGO secure an example for many global brands to follow in a touch economic situation.2.0 Company OverviewIt all started with unrivalled(a) mans vision. A man who believed that good ply en voluminouses a frys development Ole Kirk Christiansen, a carpenter from Billund. He shifted his produceion from devising wooden furniture for local anaesthetic farmers to small fryrens dawdles, owing to the g reat depression in the 1930s. LEGO originated from the danish banters oarlock and godt, which means play well. (Tidd and Bessant, 2009). defines LEGO as The core crossway is a orthogonal plastic brick, hollow on the inside except for ace or often(prenominal) tubes, with rows of studs on the top emblazoned with the tiny LEGO LEGO. (Wiencekk, 1987)LEGO has a very tidy vision republicment of Inventing the coming(prenominal) of play. This vision indicates that LEGO is finding parvenue ship preserveal of developing games and moving from being respectable a simple gourmandize of brick. They ar aware of the changing requirements and attitudes of consumers in a globalised sense. As it claims It is not just about products, it is about strongising the human possibility. (LEGO Group, 2010)Over the years, the LEGO Group has true several products under its umbrella extending its products to the digital k pay awayledge menial as well. LEGO has of all time kn have got that th e Toys and Childrens entertainment industry is a difficult business to entertain oneself in as it is constantly faced with new innovations, technological advancements and food market place entrants. To face this constantly evolving industry, LEGO has invested much of its understanding their consumers of necessity and cravings. They exhaust analyze compete habits, family patters and ho utilize conditions to gain a deeper knowledge of this market. whatsoever other variediating moer is the belief that has been passed on by generations that seduce embraced LEGO. The belief that LEGO will persist relevant to children of all ages and all generations. The belief to create a domain where children seduce the freedom to build anything that kindle never be replaced with cyber experiences. (LEGO Group, 2009)By the late 90s, LEGOs sales began decreasing. They were challenged by low cost good comely competitors like Megablok, a Canadian Company. Other reason was their prime in any caseshie audience were shifting to computer games. LEGO was also operating in a high cost economic environment Denmark- where the supply chains were expensive. Another problem LEGO faced was increasing conglomerate product development with so many product positions and different permutations and combinations manufacturing economically became tight impossible. All these reasons, led to LEGO running into a $ 240 one thousand million loss. In order to revive LEGO from this situation, the LEGO family invested $ 178 million and appointed of a new CEO, Jorgen Vig Knudstorp. Under Knudstorps leadership, LEGO saw a triple-crown transition. In order to correct the situation, LEGO emendd their supply chain, factory locations and intensify their boilers suit product development strategy. (Tidd and Bessant, 2009)2.1 LEGO Financial OverviewSince its foundation in 1932, The Danish Company has great achievements added to its name. However, in 2006, rumours had it that toy industry gi ant Mattel were deviation to bribe LEGO since it had faced gigantic losses. But restructuring in precaution and qualify in strategy helped LEGO pick up their sales in anguish of the recession. In August 2008, LEGOs multinational sales were reportedly up by 20% in comparison to the year before. In the UK alone, 2007 witnessed at 24% rise in sales as compared to 2006. (MINTEL. 2008)The a la mode(p) report that appeared on November 2010 in The Times London edition states that LEGOs sales prevail picked up by 50 per cent this Christmas season keeping both parents and children happy.(Vine, 2010)According to the Guardian, in 2009 the total sales at the UK division based in the beginning in Slough, Berkshire, leapt 35% a performance that took LEGO to a record UK market share of 4.1%, up from 3.2% a year ago. (Wood, 2009)The pre-tax profits rose 68%, which is approximately up by 171.97 million in the first half of 2010. LEGO posts strong sales (The Times, 2010)LEGOs financial per formance during recession was commendable firearm other Toy industry competitors like Mattel, that reportedly faced a 19% fall in second-quarter sales in spite of housing big brand names like Barbie. (Wood, 2009)3.0 Consumer Behaviour theories applied to LEGOFrom the above, it is light that LEGO has had a successful footmark record during recession. In this section, a deeper understanding will be attained on how LEGO was immune to the recession by placing their consumers in the heart of their business and understanding their requirements. To achieve this, three theories capture been shortlisted they are namelyBuying Decision make Process office Formation and ChangeConsumer Identity and Reference Groups3.1 Buying Decision Making ProcessIn order to understand, how LEGO survived by the economic downturn, it is important to represent the buying behaviour of consumers in the Toys industry. By understanding the dynamics of buying behaviour, successful insights croupe be drawn to h elp distinguish the suspension among the consumer and companionship.In complex end qualification process where one is faced with other competitors, thither are 6 stages to the decision making process. The 6 stages are namely3.1.1 Problem instruction (awareness of bring)Problem Recognition is the difference between the actual state of mind and the desired state of mind (Solomon, 2009). In other words, it is the process of recognising the need or desire to own a vocalismicular product. Given at a lower place are more or less reasons why consumers felt the need for LEGO over other products. acquire for learning though playParents being one of the prime target audiences in this industry also play a major power in the buying behavior process. LEGO appeals to this market as it has the element of creative play and parents are assured that it is not a waste of time as compared to watching television or fadeing time on Facebook. Parents because would choose to buy LEGO as they want their children to learn while they play. Something that to the highest degree other toys or video games have failed to achieve (MINTEL, 2008).Need for retrospective products during recessionAnother interesting point to note is how consumers chose retro products during generation of crisis cod to its established legacy. During recession, parents actually found the need to invest in products that are of high quality and are long lasting in nature as opposed to just purchasing a gaudy toy. Gerrick Johnson, toy-industry analyst at BMO Capital Markets made a comment stating that In tough economic times, youll often invite retro products come congest. Parents spend money on stuff they know works. Rather than going to Disney instauration or on a trip, you get a $30 LEGO set. (Faris, 2010)Need for up-to date toys and gadgetsDuring a time when their prime target audience were more(prenominal) inclined towards computer games, LEGO constantly kept innovating and updating their o fferings to suit the needs of this market that is faced by such(prenominal) rapid growth and evolution.The attach to steadily launched new products which resulted in three-quarters of its yearly sales. In 2000, the British linkup of Toy Retailers along with Fortune magazine voted LEGO as the toy of the century. (Oliver et al., 2007)Recognizing the need to enter the video game market, LEGO created its own software pigeonholing providing children the hazard to create their own animation for PC and gaming consoles (R. Duane Ireland, 2009). accordingly citizenry chose LEGO as it had extended its offerings to a medium where just about of its consumers lived the virtual world.3.1.2 entropy seekWhen it comes to seeking information on which toys you would prefer your children to play with, thither are several factors that play a role. From an internal search perspective, recollection and nostalgia could be key determinants whereas word of mouth, friends, relatives etc. could be e xternal search factors that dominate your purchase decision (Soloman, 2009)The market for childrens toys and games is a substantial one -A 2.1 billion market for childrens toys and games, this is a lucrative industry with several competitors. In such a human face, information search becomes all the same more complex (MINTEL, 2008).What adds on to the complexity is the ranging age groups and diversity in toys from simple display panel games to more sophisticated toys for older kids up to adulthood. LEGO belongs to the range of Activity Toys which incorporates certain(a) level of creativeness and makes playing an enriching experience. Other toys in this range are Meccano and magnetic building kits as well as arts and crafts products (MINTEL, 2008).3.1.3. rating of AlternativesAt this stage, consumers evaluate the alternatives that have been shortlisted after their information search. Rankings, personal p credits, listings, word of mouth to name a few, are determinants while eval uating alternatives.Today LEGO is the quaternityth-largest toy manufacturer after Mattel, Bandai-Namco, Hasbro and the fifth position held by TOMY-Takara (LEGO Group, 2009). In the case of activity toys like LEGO, consumers would potentially ask these questions. Does the product benefit my child learning ability? Is the product safe and of supreme quality?Mc Donaldss once apply LEGO in the USA as a part of one their sales promotion campaign. 37 billion bricks were distributed over four weeks out of which only a dozen complaints were received (Harris and McDonald, 2004). These sorts of cases help a consumer who is emotional stateing for top quality decide that he/she wants to purchase LEGO over other toys.3.1.4 Purchase decisionIn order to achieve combative advantage and take the final purchase decision, LEGO pays a lot of oversight to their product, packaging, online store etc. In a Danish newspaper Jyllands- Posten, an member was published on the safety of LEGO. Each individ ual block has a hole to ensure that if a child swallows a brick, the child would not choke as air could still pass though (Harris and McDonald, 2004). Therefore a consumer, who has safety as criteria, would decide to buy LEGO as the makers have taken care of this aspect.3.1.5 PurchaseThis decision is based upon the time eliminate and product availability. In 2004, LEGO sales began dropping massively. Poor customer proceeds and unavailability of products were additions to their dilemma. During this time, customers were faced with many other alternatives. LEGO could not afford to dope off out on customers in the big-box world. LEGO then improved on their supply-chain management and aimed to align its innovation capability. It also started online sales where customised products could be designed and purchased too (Oliver et al., 2007).3.1.6 Post-Purchase EvaluationWhen LEGO was voted as Marketer of the Year in 2009, one of the comments by a user from Dallas commented I have to vote LEGO-for continuing to provide a top-quality product in line with their brand, staying relevant and using new technologies to create new customer experiences in a kids toy market thats moving away from brands with a low-tech heritage. This is a company that inspires others to a higher standard. Who can vote for a company that continues to take quality down to get to a cheaper price? (Creamer, 2009). These testimonials prove that consumers overall have been happy after purchasing the product.3.2 Attitude formation and dislodge matchless of the aspects involved in the psychological factor of the decision making process, is attitudes. These attitudes are either formed on experience or interaction with other people. An attitude of a consumer towards a firm and its products tends to have a great baffle in the firms marketing strategy (Soloman, 2009).3.2.1 Efforts made my LEGO to line attitudesFor strategic decision making that is driven by insights, it is essential to track attitude s. It could be tracking changes in different age groups, scenarios about future, identify emerging trends etc (Soloman, 2009). LEGO has realised the importance of tracking changing attitudes and the following findings can be drawn in this regardScenarios about futureOne of the virtually significant changes that LEGO has taken up this decade is that it has begun listening to its consumers and their changing attitudes. In todays social networking era, it is highly essential to monitor behaviour and attitudes. It was through with(predicate) the efforts made by LEGO on social media, that they realised their fan base was not just limited to children but adults too. Courtesy the AFOL confederacy Adult Fans of LEGO LEGO now has around specialist ambassadors who communicate with them and provide feedback. LEGO also involves these ambassadors in their product development. They began monitoring blogs and got a deeper understanding on culture, desires of both potential and real consumers and changed their strategy accordingly. It was through this initiative that LEGO decided to make sets based on movies like Star Wars or Indiana Jones and now these deals make up more than half of their sales (Advertising Age, 2009).By doing so LEGO gets inputs from probably the most loyal customer base and thus adress unhappy customers or take any gaps in the market place. These insights drove their strategy and helped them survive in an atmosphere where the only words heard off were lay-offs and losses. LEGO is one such example of a brand that has benefitted by working in league with their consumers and predicting the future (Garfield, 2007).Changes in different age groupsLEGO has a very would-be(prenominal) mission statement of each and every child in the world to own one cubic metre of LEGO bricks. (Harris and McDonald, 2004) Children globally are do by the same by marketers no matter which culture they belong to. However, even if they are treated the same their attitudes ma y differ due to their upbringing and external environment. Though most of the concept and product development come ins in the Billund headquarters, LEGO has trends watching department in their offices in Munich, Los Angeles and Tokyo. Infact, to ensure that LEGO is an international product that suits ever child needs, the creative team is composed of 120 designers 15 different nationalities (LEGO Group, 2009).3.2.3 Star Power Celebrities as Communications SourcesThe source of the subject the celebrity in this case can have a huge impact on the image of a brand and its sales. Messages tend to have a greater effect when there is a relation between the celebrity and product. Human beings tend to pay more attention when they see familiar faces as opposed to ordinary faces, thereby interpreting and process the information more effectively (Soloman, 2009).People tend to associate characteristics of a persons personality, social status, and gender, to that of the brand. When David Bec kham confessed in an interview that if he wasnt a footballer his breathing in pastime would be building with LEGO blocks, it set the LEGO sales roaring. In just one day of business, the father of three inspired the sales of 5,922- Taj Mahal set (The Sun, 2010). Parents formulate the core buyers of this segment six in ten have bought from five or more of the listed categories of toys or games in the past 12 months (MINTEL, 2008). After all, if a star figure like Beckham has spoken, why wouldnt parents try mantling Taj Mahal together.3. 3 Consumer Identity and Reference GroupsAny individual or group that acts a point of comparison of values, opinions, attitude or behaviour towards a product is a reference group (Soloman, 2009). In case of LEGO, there are several reference groups. LEGO has a combination of logic and creativity that enhances a childs learning and ability to solve problems. Owing to this factor, LEGO has been popularly used as creative play tool in institutions and sch ools i.e formal reference groups (LEGO Group, 2009).3.3.1 Effect of Gender on Consumer BehaviourGender is a all-important(a) element in consumer behaviour. A boy may perceive different things from a girl. This can be proven with an example of how LEGO researched playing habits amongst boys and. The findings were that girls were more likely to build living areas while boys built cars. LEGO introduced a new version of its product for girls called Paradise which emphasized around socially orientated structures such as homes, pools etc (Soloman, 2009).3.3.2 Baby Boomers and the role of nostalgia in buying decision making processBaby Boomers are those who are above the age of 29 and have a significant influence on demands for housing, child care etc (Soloman, 2010). LEGO has evolved from a box of bricks that baby boomers grew up to a more diverse product. However, the positive feeling attached with having played with LEGO has passed on through at least three generations. (Oliver et al. , 2007)Therefore, one may ask how much role does nostalgia play in triggering what baby boomers and generation X buy as toys for their children? Retro favourites are gaining popularity owing to the fact that they have provided real quality and value over time, and one of the reasons all these new fans have emerged is through nostalgia. According to the (Telegraph, 2010), LEGO has performed well in recession as parents due to nostalgia have shifted to trusted brands. Parents dont intend to buy toys that their children would throw aside in months, instead they would rather invest in toys that children of all generations would go back to.3.3.3 Children razz power v/s parent powerPester Power is a term used to define a childs influence over the parent in the buying process (Turner et al, 2006). According to Turner, children can be easily influenced by advertising and marketers use this as a medium to entice children to nag and purchase the product of their desire.The key factors that i nfluences a childs pestering behaviour is the family type, family communication pattern, the person accompanying the child to shopping, purpose of going for shopping and advertising. (Venkatesh and Ghai, 2010). According to the report by Mintel, 2008, Although adults are the primary(a) purchasers, kids are the ultimate arbiters of success and failure across much of the market nearly four in ten parents cannot say no to their kids.LEGO partnered with Kelloggs in 2007 to create LEGO brick shaped candy called Fun Snacks. This created hype amongst parents as they had washed-out valuable amount of their time telling their children not to swallow LEGO bricks. LEGO went on to the extent of advertising in between childrens TV shows, placing the product at the bottom of the shelf spaces in order to make it accessible for children thereby making children nag for Fun Snacks (Franziska_NDT, 2010)4.0 ConclusionOn the whole, LEGO has adopted the right measures to immune itself to the market, no matter how the economic situation is. Given below are few recommendations and discussions with regards to LEGO.Discussion/ Recommendations1. With LEGO factory LEGOs online design portal- is a admittance to 300,000 designers worldwide. By doing so, LEGO can get critical reviews on their products and help improve their offerings (Tidd and Bessant, 2009). LEGO could conduct an annual conference or workshop, whereby all these designers meet up and brain storm with key designers and managers on how to improve LEGO and keep up with changing trends.2. Christmas accounts for around half of the years sales for LEGO. Keeping this in mind, LEGO should launch their new products or special Christmas edition toys as nearly seven in ten consumers buy toys and games for Christmas. (MINTEL. 2008) And after all, who would refuse the latest Christmas edition of LEGO?3. An emerging trend is gifting new born toys up from 13% in 2003 to 26% now. Considering this trend, LEGO could launch its own col lection of teether toys meant for new born. This could range from a simple brick soft chewy toy to its very own Harry potter collection for newborns.4. Phone applications seem to be the undermentioned big trend that is picking up. LEGO already has its own Star Wars LEGO I phone game version. LEGO must continue entering markets where gaming is a hype.5. LEGO should push the product more using the scientific connection. According to (Turkle and Smith, 2009) playing with LEGO helps children enhance their problem solving and discovery skills. This makes a child find in a scientific, problem recognition and solving approach that most engineers, scientist and designers use. Turkle claims that the toys that children play with have a great impact on their future careers. Some children may try and create unrealistic structures, while some may follow instructions, some keep their constructed sets as awards while some just break them different children behave differently with LEGO. However, each role play is good to identify traits about your children and which direction they are progressing towards.6 Most of LEGO consumers are not price sensitive. They buy LEGO because of the brand and the quality. As a consumer, you can either buy the simple bricks or a special version of LEGO to add it to your collection. Therefore, LEGO can afford to release a premium end version of the toys that are suitable to kids that belong to rich households.8. LEGO for grey market- Research has shown that playing with LEGO for an hour or two can help old people fight memory loss and problems that occur due to degeneration like dementia and Alzheimers disease. It makes your mind active, while your fingers are still moving.9. The idea of having Brand Ambassadors who use their network pool to get insights and inputs from consumers is one of LEGOs strongest strategies. LEGO fans discuss, review and suggest new ideas for LEGO on the AFOL community which helps LEGO look into the future and improve their capabilities.LEGO has managed to create a consumer experience that combines technology, mass customization and community to enhance and build relevance for its classic toy offering. (Tidd and Bessant, 2009). Indeed, LEGO has managed to keep up its legacy and set a great example for many international and global companies.

Socio-economic Factors and Postnatal Depression Relationship

Socio-economic Factors and Postnatal Depression Relationship(a) Objectives of the project and any related dataThe aim of his project is to understand the relationship of socio-economic factors with postnatal base gear in Spanish mothers. This al lowly be d 1 both at person and ara found aim. The main(prenominal) hypothesis of the research is that unemployed mothers, with low-pitched pedagogy and low income have racyer risk of developing postnatal psychic picture. Besides a geographical comparison among four different eye sockets at bottom the Spanish cities of Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid and Seville go away be d iodin. An atomic number 18a- base going ability leave behind be employ for testing the complementary second hypothesis of the study which is that the communities more(prenominal) deprived have higher prevalence of postpartum opinion than the less deprived ones.(b) Work which has led up to the projectpostpartum depression is one the close common disorde rs suffered from mothers indoors the first 12 months by and by childbirth. Several studies commits its average prevalence around 10-15% (24) and inescapably to be considered as a public health problem that abide affect, excessively to the mother and to her environment, to the emotional development and well-being of the children. Postpartum depressions as well as removes to be differenced from the ball up-blues and the puerperal psychosis, a more severe type of depression. The baby blues is mainly ca single-valued functiond for the hormonal alterations and, although might have the same restore on the mood as a depression, the symptoms normally disappear within two weeks after giving birth without any treatment. The puerperal psychosis affects on average to a 0.1 0.2 % (24) of mothers and hospitalisation is usually required. The postpartum depression and roll in the hay last several weeks or months and, if not treated, can lead to a chronic recurrent depression.The most c ommon symptoms of the postpartum depression are sadness, emptiness, exhaustion, low energy, feeling incapable of taking care of the baby, guiltiness. The signs are uniform to any other depression disorder, nevertheless with a special counseling on the life changes and relationship with the new born.Regarding the causes of the there are some research that have studied the predictors or risk factors for developing a postpartum depression, and based on two existing literature reviews on the topic (22) (24) the main predictors of postpartum depression could be categorised as followsPhysical and biological factors poor physical health, negative body meet and bodyweight.Psychological factors antenatal depression, previous psychiatric disease and childcare stress. brotherly factors low facts of life level, low income, unemployment and complaisant acquit.This study allow think on the kindly factors and within them, the ones related to the socioeconomic consideration education level, income and employment. They can lead to unequal pass judgment in postpartum depression that, as socially determined, could be avoidable.In the past the relationship of socioeconomic status and depression has been underlined in many studies worldwide (10) (18) (22) but in the particular case of Spain no research that take into account these factors and their usurpation in postnatal depression prevalence have been found.Spain is one of the European countries that is suffering the most consequences of the global recession that begun in 2007. The economic crisis is having melodramatic impact in the labour market, public sector and therefore in population lives. The socioeconomic status is related with higher psychiatric morbidity, but in an economic crisis context, because of the additional uncertainty about the future, the mental health of the population tends to get worse. There are already studies taking place in Spain that are founding increases in mental health problems s ince 2007, oddly in families that are experiencing unemployment (17).The current unemployment rate in Spain is 23.2% raising until 24.3% in case of women versus 22.2% in men and up to 50.7% in population younger than 25 years experienced (14). But these rates are not equally geographically distributed. There are Spanish regions that because of their past oil-bearing framework are suffering bigger economic struggles.As express above no studies that relate postnatal depression and socioeconomic factors in Spain are known, that is why this research allow test the association among socioeconomic status and postnatal depression at the soulfulness level and then will compare with Spanish areas with unequal deprivation indexes.On top of this there are studies that encourage to use both the area deprivation index and individual socioeconomic status, as these two footmarks reach independent contributions to the health outcome (28).Although the results of this study will not be able to be compared with past records on postpartum depression this could be a starting point for further studies of the impact of the crisis on the mothers mental health and about its geographical disparities.(c) poll design and methods to be used in investigating this problem and potential limitationsDesignA longitudinal cohort study will be demanded for this research. Because of the nature of the outcome this is the most appropriate type. The onset of the postpartum depression is within 12 months after birth, and the longer periods of evaluation will predict higher prevalence (24). A single point of collection of data would minimise therefore the results.Study population and adjudicatePregnant women that are 18 years old or older and who are registered in the Spanish maternity serve and live in Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid or Seville will be invited to embark in the studyThe exclusion criteria will be individuals with psychiatric illness in the previous year.The consume size of it of it was calculated based on equivalent measures found in existing literature regarding the socioeconomic individual exposures (income, employment status and education) (LITERATURE) and in an area-based deprivation index and their association any with postnatal depression or similar outcomes. The desired power of the sample (90%), the potential non-responders and the loss over the course of the follow up was also considered in the calculations.The area-based deprivation index that will be used in this study was created in 2001 in Spain (8) in order to make the socioeconomic conditions of the measured areas. The entropyrmation essentialed for feeding the index is available in the National Census Institute (INE) and could be updated with the data of 2014. This index allows to identify the more disadvantaged areas within a urban center. Although it was associated in its origin with rates of mortality, it was created with the aim of studying wider range of social inequalities in health in Spain.This area-based deprivation index is created from the following socioeconomic indicators manual workers, unemployment, temporary workers, keep down low education, and youth low education.The geographical units for the composition of the index are the census tracts of the cities of Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid and Seville. (2.358 in Madrid, 1.491 in Barcelona, 510 in Seville y 288 in Bilbao). The index will be divided in 4 quartiles from the more deprived to less deprived measure. In each city one census tract for each quartile will be selected.The sample will be selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The census tract will be the primary sample unit. Then sample of individuals will be selected from a primary care contents where pregnant women living in each one of the tract are registered.Four primary centres in each city will be selected.SAMPLE SIZE THE POPULATION BETTER outlinedData collectionSpain has a universal health system, everyone has the right and alleviate access to it. When a women becomes pregnant it is registered and monitored by her assigned general practitioner, gynecologist and paediatric medical doctors, during and after her maternalism, in the primary care centre of her neighbourhood.Every pregnant women in the centres selected will be invited to participate in the study, with the exclusion criteria of women who had any psychiatric disorder in the previous year.They will be informed about the study in their first squall to their GP and appointments for filling in the questionnaires during their next visit and during pregnancy will be planned. 3 questionnaires will be used during the 4 interviews scheduled.During pregnancy Baseline questionnaire with socio-demographic questions, employment status and type, income, education, marital status, number of children and address of residence. trine months after delivery Social support questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression master questionnaireSix months and twelve months after delivery Edinburgh Postnatal Depression musical scale questionnaireAll the questionnaire will be self-reported. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a 10 items questionnaire used to screen postpartum depression. The clear Spanish recital will be used (9)The social support questionnaire is the Spanish sawn-off random variable (6 items versus 19) of the MOS Social Support Survey (23).Statistical analysisThe main outcome of the study is postpartum depression defined as a categorical variables derived from the results of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The cut-off point of the validated Spanish version for a absolute outcome is 11.Cases will be considered when women report positive outcome the 3 times of follow-up against women who reported zero, once or twice (non cases).Main exposures are level of income, education, and employment status (socioeconomic status measures), and area-based deprivation. Other covariates selected for the service l ine and social support questionnaires will be include as possible confounders or effect modifiers.The sample characteristics will be describe through univariate and bivariate statistics. Multivariable logistic regression will be used for testing the association between main exposures and outcomes adjusted for the others covariates.initially each main exposure will be modelled individually with the outcome, just now age-adjusted. Secondly each exposure it will be adjusted by other covariates, then by covariates and other socioeconomic status exposures and the area-based deprivation. at last the model will be fully adjusted with all exposures and covariates together.The statistical software STATA will be used.OtherPotential limitationsAs in all the longitudinal studies there is the risk of loss during the followup. This is already considered in the calculation of the sample size.The self-reported questionnaires could lead to the common limitations of these types of tools response bi as, the suppressive nature of the scale-based questionnaires, understanding, lack of introspective ability etc.The social support questionnaire is a reduced version because this study wants to focus in the socioeconomic risk factors of postpartum depression. It was include because social support is considered also an big predictor of postpartum depression. More extensive version could be included in future studies.Also, further analysis that include structured interviews to measure the outcome could be performed. However the positive results of this questionnaires for finding significant associations it is validated by multiple previous studies (CITATION).Study organisationThe principal applicant is the main coordinator of the study, has extensive experience in social epidemiology and is specialised in socioeconomic determinants on health. It is also a lecturer in statistic in for medical science and will be responsible of the data analysis.The co-applicant is a UCL member of the social epidemiology department and a visiting lecturer of the Basque universal University (UPV) in Spain. It will be responsible of the coordination and communication with the Spanish team.The local anesthetic co-applicant was a member of the research multitude who developed the area-based deprivation index used on this study and a professor on social epidemiology in the UPV. It will coordinate the Spanish team who will conduct the field work.The research assistants will conduct the field work and the logistics and communications with the primary care centres.One research assistant will be recruited in each city.(d) Time accede using Gantt chart or similar draw(e) Ethical issuesAll participants will be informed and will need to sign a written consent prior to any analysis of the data.All the data will be anonymous and treated confidentially following the current Spanish and UK laws of Protection of Data.Ethical approval will be submitted to the UCL and the UPV.I am still a bit m anifold with sample calculationFor example in the base below, that is measuring social support and PPD as a binary outcome.Which effect should I focus in? If I calculate the sample size from it, would I alsoneed to use in my study the same questionnaire they are using in this opus and same follow up time?http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390689/ANNE here is the useful info that I found in the paper (copied and pasted direct from paper)incidence of depression was calculated in women who were not depressed at baseline based on proportions of new cases at follow-up in that sample.55 of the 386 without antenatal depression had depression at follow-up, indicating case incidence of 13.9%.table 1 unadjusted association between education/income and incidence of depression (ie new events). So suggests OR=0.49 (low versus high ie high low OR=2) and even steeper for incomeBut these are unadjusted so after adjusted the measure of effect would probably be faded ie smaller.If ther e is no better data, then you could use this, for examplelow educ vs high educsampsi0.174 0.093, p(0.9) but see if you would have power to look at low middle education etc.For income as above using numbers racket from table 1And for the sample calculation of area based deprivation and PPD, I could use papers of association between income inequality and PPD? OR What about this one?http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24392759The undjusted results arelow-SES community 26.2% (104/397) had depression, compared with 14.8% (24/162) high-SES communityIf I do calculation in STATAsampsi 0.26 0.14, p(0.8)My sample size would be for each groupN1= 190N2= 190But when I use my are based deprivation index I might use different percentiles to categorise lower and higher deprived areas (four at least) What would be the sample size in this case for each percentile?ANNE if you use quartiles for deprivation, then you would need to consider not just low high, but as for education low middle, then middl e high, and high higher.If incidence is 26% in highest deprivation and14% in lowest, then if you think the association is linear, then you can estimate inicidence in intermediate groups e.g. 26, 22, 18, 14%.So you need to engage the sample size for thesee.g. sampsi 0.26 0.22, p(0.9) etc.After all these sample size calculations, choose the largest. Then in your proposal just report that you based sample size on the sample size per group need to find the smallest difference between SE groups. remember if your sample size calculation says 3200 per group, and you have 4 groups, then your sample size with be 32004. You will also need to include extra in the sample because there will be non-responders eg 40%. Also maybe 20% loss over the course of your follow up.For example, if number per group is 3200, and 4 groups possible, and 60% response and 20% loss during follow-up,then you will need (3200 x 4) / (0.6 x 0.2).You also asked if you need to use the same measures as the paper uses if you use if for sample size calculation. As long as you separate thatyour measures are comparableit is okay.Q10 REFERENCES

Is accounting profit figure a measure of true profit of an organizations

Is history profit figure a bill of true profit of an organizationsAccounting rules and regulations atomic number 18 a mish-mash of rather unconnected concepts(e.g. relevance and neutrality), giving managers discretion in deciding which principle to and non to apply(1). Profit is no simple figure which fag be computed easily(2), infact it is a thorough process of naming and counting(3) identifying, calculating and summarizing many references generated. Some of these items donot exist, and wherefore are brought into existence by identifying and assigning monetary values, some collect quantifying the qualitative, while calculation of others may involve managers choosing between unlike rules and methodologies(revenue recognisation, inventory, dispraise calculation using different techniques), all of which are accepted, by providing a simple reasoning or justification for the choice. Hence, earning management itself is allowed in the concern giving managers the discretion to twi st and turn certain figures to meet their criteria, provided a proper reasoning is disposed(p).Prudence-an important rule in history, guiding managers that should a conflict arise, a conservative approach to be adopted, as not to be over-optimistic about effect. But now, it is a mere subset of reliability, replaced by plica representation by IASB, following FASB(4). Should we now expect more ingestion up of creative score? Given the current credit crunch is it evenhandedly to follow USA? Does this mean that instead of using a studious approach as to which colors to use, managers are free to paint the externalise in any way they like? Similar implications apply for the use of fair value story (driven by Hicks,1975, income and opportunity cost supposition), impact asset valuation and income recognisation. Also given diverse and conflicting rules, what mayhap true for one company or country, maynot be true for another(due to different accounting bodies). Therefore profit is merely creating rather than reflecting reality(5).Another occlusion to discuss is PAT(positive accounting possibility) based on unrealistic assumptions as coherent as they are a good prediction, and underlying scheme are never rejected if proven wrong(6). The diagram below shows that in every step of PAT methodology there is a lot of subjectivity, and half(a) of the time they donot tell what assumptions have been made.PAT is based on offer Smiths rational economic man stating that all choices are based on self interest and accumulation of private wealth hence accounting methods will be chosen to mislead and disguise performance(7). Agency theory (Jensen Meckling, 1976) is closely related to this, displaying conflict of interest amongst shareholders and managers, which justifies why managers may go back to earning management, especially if performance-based salaries are used (management compensation hypothesis, Watt and Zimmerman 1986).Shareholders appoint auditors as a prote ction of their rights and assurance that managers are managing the company to the best of their ability, to keep abreast decision making efficiency, but auditors donot have access to all the information, and however if when base their decisions on the information provided by managers and given accounting regulations, does this information asymmetry means that auditors really provide a fair and dependable analysis of company reporting? Given the limited figures that auditors are given, can they analyze that positiveness as shown by the company is actually enlighten? The answer is NO, and we have many examples such as Enron, Sunbeam, which despite been given unqualified audit reports, failed ultimately.Furthermore, as Watt and Zimmerman argue that PAT only gives a prediction of which method managers major power use, but doesnot tell which accounting method should be used, for example a large company is in all likelihood to use income reducing methods to avoid political attent ion (political cost hypothesis), debt hypothesis states that a company which is close to breaking its debt covenants will choose policies to come across such covenants are not violated(8).Also, it is too simplistic to state that it is the only truth. Infact even if profit figure is aligned with companys actual performance, according to ropiness theory it is just a truth(9), and not the ultimate reality. Although some might claim the contrary, as the media only compares the profit figures and doesnot refer to the variety of accounting policies that can be adopted(10).My argument ends with the viewpoint, that although accounting policies and audit reports are knowing to protect stakeholders from false reporting, but due to gaps in rules, managers still obtain the discretion to choose policies, which is exploited to meet their objectives, hence shareholders and auditors should use a pool of resources, such as return on investment(11), key performance indicators, share price and eco nomic profit (bank interest and return on other assets-12) to assess performance. Information is not stable, clear and self-evident(13), it is subject to never-ending change, and can be generated and interpreted in different ways. Truth is not in the numbers, it is only constructing reality using space, time and value machine(13), and then users of accounting information should use their own judgment, knowledge and opinions before gain any conclusion and not base decisions blindly on profitability alone.NOTESRhoda lecture notes The Growth of regulation International standards and conceptual frameworks of accounting.My first pensive pieceLecture notes Ann-Christine Frandsen Where do we find accountingLecture notes Dr Fiona Anderson Gough premature standards and normative theory, the influence of past on presentHines 1988Friedman, The methodology of confirmatory Economics 1953Adam Smith, The wealth of nations, 1776Lecture notes, Rhoda, Positive accounting theory (PAT)Lecture not es, Dr Fiona Anderson Gough, Portraying successDeegan and Unerman, 2006Lecture notes, Ann Christine FrandsenBall and Brown, 1968Frandsen A-C (2009), Information governing

Anti-Italian American Prejudice and Discrimination

Anti-Italian American Prejudice and DiscriminationMezzogiornoN archean three-fourths of any(prenominal) Italian immigrants to the join States came from the southern near provinces of Italy. Known as Il Mezzogiorno, it was the countrys most impoverished region, with the illiteracy rate at a staggering 70 percent in 1900, and longstanding oppression from Italys Northern-dominated government. Southern Italian saving relied on agriculture, but natural disasters of volcano eruptions and earthquakes in the early twentieth century devastated what little cultivatable land there was (Mintz, 2007). Unable to keep up tolerable living conditions, most became migrant workers. Between the years of 1876 and 1924, approximately 5 million Italians arrived in the United States (Pozzetta, 2008). About one-fourth remained in New York City, mend more than half settled in the heart Atlantic states and New EnglandMany Italian immigrants had no plans of establishing permanent habitations in the Uni ted States. Most were young men who left behind their wives and children with hopes of brief absence-they would gamble employment, collect their pay, and return home. They lived prudently in conditions that were regarded as intolerable by ordinary American families (Mintz, 2007). Commonly working unskilled jobs in reflection and public development, roughly half of the Italian immigrant population in the early 1900s was made up of manual laborers (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2009). Although the United States appealed to emigrating Italians as the best likely destination to find work, Gambino (2002) asserts that American industry sought immigrants to replace the emancipate slave curriculum. Many Italian immigrants in the North took positions in sweatshops and factories, while others were recruited to work on Southern plantations where slave labor had since been abolished (LaGumina, 1999). However, those in bigger urban areas often arrange dominance in skilled mechani c trades they had once practiced in Italy, such as shoemaking, tailoring, and barbering (Pozzetta, 2008). Though suave generally confined to a lower class, many Italian immigrants found solidarity in highly concentrated ethnic neighborhoods (Mangione Morreale, 1993). diminished ItaliesThe emergence of Little Italies was prompted in large part by the intolerance and hostility that Italian immigrants faced in mainstream American society (Pozzetta, 2008). A working class minority that was defined by some as not sort of sporting (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2009), or the missing link between black and white (Borsella, 2005), they often faced discrimination in housing opportunities. Italian immigrants themselves were slack to seek assimilation because traditionally, la famiglia (the family) and lordine della famiglia (the rules of behavior and responsibility to the family) came before any affiliation with a larger-scale community (Mintz, 2007). This resistance began to fa de as ulterior generations strayed from the strict codes of their parents. With the dawn of World War II, more than 500,000 Italian Americans served in the U.S. military, proving to many that their loyalties to the country were strong. By the 1950s it seemed that Italian immigrants, now infrangible in identifying as Italian Americans, had found a true home in the United States (Pozzetta, 2008). Anti-Italian prejudice however, though less pronounced, console endured. geological dating back to the early 20th century and the apex of the groups immigration, society and everyday culture have attached a number of stereotypes to Italian Americans. arguably the most distinctive stereotype is that of association with La Cosa Nostra, or the American mafia (Pozzetta, 2008). Released in 1972, the critically-acclaimed and wildly popular film The Godfather became the archetype of Hollywoods Mafia movie industry, depicting Italian Americans as ruthless criminals, a articulate that had long vilified their ethnic identity. Many Italian Americans, after having fought the stereotype for decades, came to nip the Mafia image that had captivated American moviegoers and provided a highly remunerative new avenue for filmmakers. The 1990s introduced the film Goodfellas (1990) and the television series The Sopranos (1999), twain of which reinforced the hardcore gangster image (Borsella, 2005). Other predominant Italian American stereotypes in film and television often still involve the feisty young woman with a taste for gaudy fashion, the engaging womanizer, and the overweight matriarch with excessive jewelry and a pot of spaghetti (Pozzetta, 2008).NonninaAlthough I identify more with American culture in my everyday life, I do embrace my Italian American heritage.In some sense, I interrelate with my roots in an Americanized way, and I have no problem in laughing at the some of the stereotypes that accompany it. A few jam movies are actually among my favorites. Though I k now authentic Italian cuisine, I do enjoy eating at Olive garden and ordering deliveries from Pizza Hut once in a while.I still call my grandmother Nonni, which is short for nonnina, a term affectionately means little grandmother.

Web Site Promotion Essay -- essays research papers fc

Promoting a innovation blanket(a) Web SiteAs we enter the new millenium, more than(prenominal) and more businesses argon deciding to go along with building what is called poses on the world wide sack up, better known as a web range. It seems as though these days to many people is that all you remove to do is build a web site and you are establish to go. Being as upfront as possible there is an uttermost(a) downside to this method. Just building the web site will non transport anybody to the web site. To get people to visit a web site certain processes have to be taken to promote the web site. at that place are numerous slipway out there to promote a web site. One truly common and successful way to conduct visitors to a web site is to send out direct electronic mail or commonly known as telecommunicate. This is a very simple process in general. It evidently consists of sending out e-mails at random or premeditated if you have the time. The emails need to contain a short paragraph describing a little about your web site and what it has to base on balls to those who visit the web site. Remember that with this method it is wise to not be too wordy otherwise this process can bugger off to be very time consuming and irritating to the sender and the pass receiver of the email. However it is possible to email well over 10,000 emails in right under an hour. This process can only be done if everything has been approximation out thoroughly and ready to go before the process has level begun. Another possible advantage to this method is that the recipient of the email whitethorn enjoy the site and forward the same email to people that they know. Emails connaturally cost nothing if there is already access to the World Wide Web through an ISP (Internet Service Provider). This method is the most commonly utilise and it can and does work (7 Ways).A very similar way but much less direct method is simply to attach a mite to the end of outgoing emails . Most email providers offer this option. It simply means that at the end of outgoing email that is sent out there will be a essence of individual choice at the bottom of the email where a signature would normally be on a hand written letter, and then giving it the name signature. What the message says is entirely up to the sender of the email. It is recommended that more than one signature be provided to pertain to different types of people that are emailed. The message should include your web site name, addre... ...rticle, a radio program, a newspaper, etc. Just about anything that is seen or heard by a lot of people (Kent 339).The web site promoters can also offer what is known as an affiliate program. This allows viewers of the web site a chance to carry a banner from the web site on their web site. In return offer a small steering for each person that visits the web site through the link apply on their web site.As the days go bye more and more people will have their own we b site. along with more people having a web site comes more shipway to promote a web site in due time. It is ever a good idea to keep up with the modern ways of promotion.Works CitedKent, Peter. Poor Richards Web Site. Lakewood, CO Top bag Publishing, 1998.7 Ways to Promote Your Website. Website Promotion. n.d. n.p. 29 March 2000Software of the category 1999. Website Promotion. n.d. n.p. 29 March 2000Free Visibility Software. PromoteYourWebsite.com. n.d. n.p. 29 March 2000

The World of Chariots :: essays research papers

The World of transportsChariot Racing, popular humanity game in the classical world of ancient Greece and Rome, in which horses pulled a two-wheeled chariot, or small cart, driven by a charioteer. a good deal the chariot device device driver stood in the chariot, rather than sitting. A chariot driver cracks his whip to encourage his horses. Chariot racing was a popular cheer in ancient Greece and Rome and was recorded as an event in the ancient Olympic Games.At the ancient Olympic Games, which began in 776 bc, the chariot race was of decennium the first and most spectacular of the events. The course consisted of 12 double laps, n archaean 14 km (9 mi) in all. The most all important(predicate) race was for teams of four horses controlled by nonpareil driver. The owners of these teams were nobles, and the victory wreaths were awarded to the owners. By the early 7th century bc there were also professional charioteers from the turn away classes. Greek chariots were light, two-whee led vehicles driven with the driver standing up. Accidents were frequent, and emotions often reached a high pitch. Greek lyric poet Pindar, who sometimes wrote victory odes for the owners of winning teams, tells of mavin race in which 40 teams were entered but only one finished. Chariot racing was a popular theme in Greek art, show in sculpture, vase painting, and engravings on coins. Chariot racing in the Roman empire was significantly different than it had been under the Greeks. Racing stables were distinguished by the touch that their drivers and horses wore. Red and white were the older colors, but green and blue step by step eclipsed them, eventually overtaking them entirely. Interest in chariot racing relate on the victory of the color rather than on the skill of the driver or the quality of the horses. Political and even religious importance came to be attached to the colors. Chariot drivers were commoners, freedmen, or slaves who had been professionally trained from boyh ood. If successful, their prestige and boodle were tremendous unlike the Greeks, the Romans regularly awarded monetary prizes. Roman satirical poet Juvenal remarked that a certain charioteer earned a hundred times the salary of a lawyer. Honorary inscriptions in stone recorded many interesting facts well-nigh both drivers and horses. The most prized horses came from Libya, Sicily, Spain, Thessaly, Armenia, Parthia, and Cappadocia. A team of four horses controlled by one driver was the most common, although races were run with teams of as many as ten or as few as two horses.

Immigration to the United States Essay -- Immigrants USA Borders Essay

Immigration to the linked StatesWorks Cited non includeImmigration to the joined States has been happening since the Mayflower landed at Plymouth stimulate in 1492. the States is one of the most diverse nations in the world, attracting stack from every corner of the globe in hopes of a improve air of life. America in the previous(prenominal) has relied on migrant get toers to counterweight the economies step-up when internal resources have been exhausted moreover, the agriculture moving in has depended on the seasonal worker employment of migrant workers from Mexico to meet the labor demand. Programs have been created in the past granting work sign ups for the flood of Mexican labor into the United States, and modern work programs are being analyzed to suffice the needs of the agriculture contrast today. During World War II America was pushed to exhaustion arduous to tinge the labor efforts needed to support the war. Looking for a focusing to quieten the tension, the federal government came to an agreement with the Mexican government to pass on contract workers in to come to the United States to assist the agriculture business in the Southwest. From 1942 to 1964 the Bracero work program supplemented the America workforce. Almost 4.5 million flood America, a vast majority of these workers were allocated to three states California, Arizona, and Texas. Four terms where met amid Mexico and America federal government, these four terms laid out the understanding rules for the program until its fall in 1964. These four terms are say as 1. Mexican contract workers would not engage in U.S. military machine service. 2. Mexicans entry the U.S. under furnishs of the agreement would not be subjected to racist acts. 3. Workers would be guaranteed transportation, ... ...ct), is even more expansive because, though it would not con direct the node workers to become immigrants, it would not be limited to agriculture(Guthrie). This provision would scrap illegitimate immigration, by offering the opportunity of documented workers in the United States. Illegal immigration into the United States is becoming more of an issue, and harder to control. A program that allows the government to oversee and gravel immigration is necessary in the come near future. America can not eliminate illegal immigration, only if it could regulate it. A major issue with immigration work, is that all the silver make by the immigrants is not invested into Americas economy, but sent behind to the families in Mexico. A program would not eliminate disallow impacts of illegal immigration moreover, it would control the problems, enabling the government to regulate immigration. Immigration to the United States Essay -- Immigrants USA Borders EssayImmigration to the United StatesWorks Cited Not IncludedImmigration to the United States has been happening since the Mayflower landed at Plymouth Rock in 1492. America is one of the most di verse nations in the world, attracting people from every corner of the globe in hopes of a better way of life. America in the past has relied on migrant workers to balance the economies growth when internal resources have been exhausted moreover, the agriculture business has depended on the seasonal employment of migrant workers from Mexico to meet the labor demand. Programs have been created in the past granting work contracts for the flood of Mexican labor into the United States, and new work programs are being analyzed to suffice the needs of the agriculture business today. During World War II America was pushed to exhaustion trying to reach the labor efforts needed to support the war. Looking for a way to relieve the tension, the federal government came to an agreement with the Mexican government to allow contract workers in to come to the United States to assist the agriculture business in the Southwest. From 1942 to 1964 the Bracero work program supplemented the America workfo rce. Almost 4.5 million flooded America, a vast majority of these workers were allocated to three states California, Arizona, and Texas. Four terms where met between Mexico and America federal government, these four terms laid out the ground rules for the program until its fall in 1964. These four terms are stated as 1. Mexican contract workers would not engage in U.S. military service. 2. Mexicans entering the U.S. under provisions of the agreement would not be subjected to discriminatory acts. 3. Workers would be guaranteed transportation, ... ...ct), is even more expansive because, though it would not permit the guest workers to become immigrants, it would not be limited to agriculture(Guthrie). This provision would combat illegal immigration, by offering the opportunity of documented workers in the United States. Illegal immigration into the United States is becoming more of an issue, and harder to control. A program that allows the government to oversee and regulate immigratio n is necessary in the near future. America can not eliminate illegal immigration, but it could regulate it. A major issue with immigration work, is that all the money made by the immigrants is not invested into Americas economy, but sent back to the families in Mexico. A program would not eliminate negative impacts of illegal immigration moreover, it would control the problems, enabling the government to regulate immigration.

Reflexivity :: Enthnography Anthropology Essays

ReflexivityAnthropologists research and write. They participate and observe in commit to produce ethnographies. While some anthropologists venture to exotic lands to study the natives, others get by ethnographic research within their own culture. Despite the diverse cultures they picture and the use of a tape recorder instead of a save and a notebook, the ethnographic process is virtually the same. Or is it? Although similarities between ethnographies exist, when it comes spate to it, ethnographies differ from one anthropologist to the next and one culture to the next found on the writing techniques applied by the ethnographer, the survey of the anthropologist (age, gender, class, culture), and his or her manners experiences. Some ethnographers use reflexiveness, a writing tool that personalizes ethnography as the anthropologist writes about his/herself in the work. In a reflexive ethnography, the anthropologist strengths his/herself in similarity to the examined culture and writes about his/her ethnographic experience, an experience which hopefully bridged the gap between the anthropologists culture and studied culture, converting the outsider status of the anthropologist to an insider position. Reflexivity allows the ethnographer to immortalize how and why it is that he/she empathizes with a culture and to allow the audience an prospect to identify with a culture that is not his/her own. Ultimately, reflexivity conveys the importance to cognise the similarities and differences that exist between cultures.In a reflexive ethnography, anthropologists locate their position in another culture and outline their experiences inside and outside of the examined culture. George E. Marcus describes reflexivity as the practice of lay (Marcus 198). Reflexivity locates the ethnographer . . . his or her literal position in relation to subjects (Marcus 197-198). In other words, reflexivity conveys to the audience that the ethnographer was there. In most cases the ethnographer uses phrases such as, I realized, or, I examined, or simply I. This solution of first-hand cultural knowledge grants the ethnographer authority to write about and understand a culture because he/she participated and observed the culture in action. Renato Rosaldo writes about positioning and the authority it gives him to write about the Ilongot tribe. In Grief and a shrinks Rage, he writes, The ethnographer, as a positioned subject, grasps certain human phenomena break down than others. He or she occupies a position or structural fixture and observes with a particular angle of vision .

Shannon Lucid :: essays research papers

Shannon LucidEver since children have dared to dream, they have of all clip dreamt ofgoing to the moon or to the stars. For the millions of children who dream this,only an infinitely depleted portion actually achieve this goal. In 1943 in war-torn China, a girl was born who had this same dream. Her name was Shannon Lucid.She was born in 1943 to a Baptist preacher, Joseph Oscar Wells andMyrtle Wells, a nurse. At 6 months of age she and her parents were send to aprison camp by the Japanese. Only a division later were they safe in American arms subsequently they were traded for Japanese POWs. After the war they went back toChina, but in 1949 they were forced to march on when the communists took over.They then settled in Bethany, Oklahoma.     She always had the dream that someday she would be a space explorer.People thought her crazy for this dream though, because the unifyStates didnt even have a space computer programme. After graduating from Bethany High s chool sequence in 1960 she got her pilots license. In regard to her dream she said,"the Baptists wouldnt let women preach, so I had to become an astronaut to getcloser to God than my father." By this time America already had a space program.She could not believe that of the prime(prenominal) seven Mercury astronauts, none werefemales. This is just one more vitrine she complained of discrimination ofwomen in traditionally male held occupations. She experienced the same social occasionwhen she tried unsuccessfully to become a commercial pilot. So from 66-68 sheworked at Kerr-Mcgee Corp. as a chemist. This is also where she met herhusband Michael Lucid. After she was married she returned to school at theUniversity of Oklahoma, where she earned her B.S. in Chemistry. One interestingoccurrence after the birth of her daughter, the very next day she took abiochemistry exam, which her instructor had judge her to make up later.Three years later she finally had a chance to fulfill her dream bygetting into the space program. The program was now allowing women. She"scrambled" to get her application in and was accepted as one of the first sixfemale astronauts. These women had to go through morose testing and theyproved that it doesnt take a Y chromosome to have "The remedy Stuff".     Her greatest accomplishment to date is she has spent the most time inspace of any American. She spent 188 days and 65,454,841 miles in space. Sheis sincerely yours a tribute to sheer will power.

George Orwells Animal Farm: Ignorance Of Animals And Pigs Controlling :: Animal Farm Essays

George Orwells puppet Farm Ignorance of Animals and Pigs Controlling FarmIn George Orwells book, Animal Farm, it is obvious that that the pigs,tyrants though they were, were awarded control of the farm through the ignoranceof the another(prenominal) animals. There are mixed statements in the book that support thisidea. After reading this piece, the importance of preparation should be clear.It seemed as though the pigs created and enacted propositions, and tookliberties that increased their control over the other animals, bit by bit,cajoling and threatening until the ignorant animals were convinced that thepigs license was in their own best interests. It was al directions the pigs who putforward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but couldnever think of any resolutions of their own. (Page 38) This quote is symbolicof the way that animal farm was operated.The pigs acted as leaders, the other animals were followers. Especiallywhen a impudently rule that inv olved more(prenominal) work was ratified. Then the pigs simply actedas overseers, and, in effect, slavedrivers of the working animals, blatantlyavoiding anything physically taxing. This is demonstrated in a quote from page35, The pigs did not actually work, but directed and administer the others. Ofcourse, the ignorant animals put forth no opposition.The sheep, cows, horses, and birds were digging their own sculpture whenthey reacted passively each time Napoleon usurped a little more power. Sincevery few of the animals could read, or adequately remember what was read to them,they failed to observation or object when the Seven Commandments were altered. ....But it appears to me that the wall looks different. Are the sevencommandments the akin as they used to be Benjamin?....There was nothing there direct but a single commandment. It ran ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL, BUT round ARE MOREEQUAL THAN OTHERS. After that, it did not seem antic when next day the pigswho were supervising the w ork of the farm all carried whips in their trotters.(Page 123) No animal protested this.It is apparent that education is a powerful artillery against tyranny.

Burnaston Vs Valenciennes, battle of the car plants. :: Economics

Burnaston Vs Valenciennes, battle of the car plants.Bosses at Toyota tonight face a difficult decision tonight at w here to adjudicate their impudent manufacturing plant. The options they comport are eitherBurnaston in Derby where they view a well-established plant along withexperience workers or the township of Valencieennes in northern France.Here at the financial Times we have had a debate about which one theyshould go for.Burnaston There are umteen advantages of them expanding on this site.They have a well-established work force with skilled labourers and alot of room for expansion. They produce a total of 200 000 cars a yearwhich provide 5% of the U.K with Toyota cars. Unfortunately they willreceive no governing funding for the extra project, as Derby has a game level of employment. Also it is unlikely to lift the sales ofToyota cars in the U.K so they will be paying a lot out intransportation addresss over to the EU. They have the benefit ofexperience on their side and the fact they would only be paying 10% revenue enhancement for each employee where as in France it is 45% tax a appreciableamount more and they wages would be higher.Valenciennes The advantages of basing they new grinder here aregreater than in Derby. They would receive 10% of the total factoryprice from the government along with waiving some of the employmenttaxes for a meliorate period of time and would provide training grants forworkers, as Valenciennes is a town of high employment levels unlikeBurnaston. They would have a new one thousand field site but would have noutilities so would have to lay them on. They would be close by tomotorways and rail links to the delay of Europe and the channel tunnelwhere they would transport engines from Derby. The idea of opening aplant in France is to raise the amount of Toyotas in France from 1.1%to 5% of a few years as it would be easier to transport them aroundFrance. They would as well as hope to transport them around the continent,a s they would be near to major(ip) European countries such as Germany,Belgium, Spain and Italy. This is an advantage on Burnaston, as itwould cost more to transport to the other EU countries from there.We think that Toyota should build the new base in France for a varietyof reasons. They would receive more government funding for building inFrance as they have high levels of unemployment so a large corporationwould be welcomed. They would also receive grants for training, as the

Lord of the Rings :: essays papers

churchman of the Rings Tolkiens famous book, The shaper of the Rings, has been repudiated as matchless of the best fantasies ever written. Tolkien creates a really deep intimacy between the book and the reader, he captures the readers attention and lures him into the story. virtuoso of the ways how this cathartic relationship is created is through the use of reality of the web site in the story. Tolkien has conjured up a fantasy language, to show the actuality this novel whitethorn fall in. Some quotations of this language are eleventy-first birthdayThe invitation were limited to twelve-dozen (a number overly called a Gross by the hob identification numbers)Many young hobbits were included and present by parental permission for hobbits were easy going with their children in the social occasion of sitting up late. What may you be wanting?It was a cheerless landThe hobbits were merrymaking happily. Not only does the language create a land provided it may also add a bi t of humor. This humor can also express the merriness of the people that hit been written about. The language, in English is not exactly incorrect but it is odd, strange, and different, which matches the theme and plot. Tolkien, like mostly every other author has one main, specific goal during the exposition of the story, which is to capture the readers attention. In the beginning of The superior of the Rings, Tolkien presents events of happiness, mystery, tales of power, chase, by evil riders, battles, and strange encounters. Through this process, Tolkien has created a grasp upon the readers attention, although, in the beginning, there is not much of a sort or mind of the condition and the state of the tale. Later on in the story, in the Council of Ehond, Tolkien regains check off of the story and presents the understanding. At that time, the reader understands the story, and is also eager to read on. Tolkien ruling of it better to catch the attention and then promote the comprehension of the tale. The Lord of the Rings is indeed a fantastic book with times of happiness, war, mystery, conflict, and passion. In order to create the full cathartic effect of presenting and expressing the magnitude of the likely of each feeling, emphasis must be exercised. If emphasis was not used, the ticker of The Lord of the Rings could not be how it is it would be a unglamorous tale without any events of objects with great importance.

Factors Affecting Euthanasia :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Factors touching Euthanasia In the September 4 issue of the British. medical ledger The Lancet, Canadian researchers report on how dying patients will to live is plausibly to show substantial fluctuation due to changes in both physiological and mental calculates. Dr. Harvey Chochinov of the University of Manitoba and his colleagues assessed the will to live twice daily in 168 mentally competent pubic louse patients admitted to palliative care, and correlated this with a variety of early(a) factors. The patients ranged in age from 31 to 89 years old they survived an number of 18 days, though one woman lived more than 150 days. The factors with the close impact on the will to live were depression, anxiety, precipitance of breath, and sense of well-being. Which factor was most important varied with the stage of illness. During the earlier course of a patients illness, anxiety was the dominant factor depression became more important later, and shortness of breath was the chie f factor suppressing a will to live when dying became imminent. The study confirmed that, at least during much of a remnant illnesss course, psychological factors weigh more heavily in a thirst for death than factors such as physical pain. Numerous US studies support established that the Americans most directly affected by the issue of physician-assisted self-destruction -- those who are frail, elderly and suffering from terminal illness -- are excessively more unlike to legalizing the practice than others are * A canvas tent conducted for the majuscule Post on March 22-26, 1996, found 50% support for legalizing physician-assisted suicide (Washington A18) Voters recovered 35-44 back up legalization, 57% to 33%. But these figures reversed for voters aged 65 and older, who opposed legalization 54% to 38%. Majority competition was also found among those with incomes under $15,000 (54%), and black Americans (70%). * An August 1993 Roper poll funded by the winter fern So ciety and other euthanasia supporters indicated that voters aged 18-29 supported physician-aided suicide 47% to 35% voters aged 60 and older opposed it 45% to 35%. Hemlocks newsletter commented that the younger the person, the more likely he or she is to favor this legislation. The newsletter added that this is somewhat at odds with how Hemlock views its membership, since it sees itself as defending the interests of elderly citizens. (Humphry Poll 9) A study of cancer patients found that terminally ill patients experiencing significant pain are more opposed to physician-assisted suicide than other terminally ill patients or the cosmopolitan public.

A Cognitive Model of New Data on Human Problem Solving Essay -- Psycho

A cognitive Model of New info on human Problem SolvingI. Project Descriptioncognitive modeling is the creation of models which resemble and explain the way in which gentleman do things. What makes them so interesting to me is the process though which cognitive scientists go in order to create these models. cognitive scientists often use a generative possibility in creating such models. A generative surmise is a theory that explains a set of empirical observations by genuinely generating them (as opposed to just summarizing them or characterizing them with equations or logic). Thus, a generative theory has to be executable, like a computer program or a recipe.The system on which Im basing my work is named Cascade (VenLehn, Jones & chi, 1991). Cascade was primitively developed to explain the cognitive mechanisms involved in the self-explanation effect (Chi et al., 1989 Fergusson-Hessler & de Jong, 1990 Pirolli & Bielaczyc, 1989). Simplifying a bit, the effect shows that people l earn more effectively by canvas exercisings when they are careful to explain to themselves as many steps of the font as they can. Students who do not carefully explain worked out example steps do not perform as well on subsequent chores. Cascade models the potential learnedness mechanisms that cause this effect.I at once wish to apply the Cascade model to a new trouble domain and a new set of psychological data. Originally, Cascade was compose to solve problems in Newtonian physics, the domain used in Chi et al.s study. Since Cascade was first created additional psychological research has been done in other problem domains. Due to the versatility of Cascade, applying the Cascade model to other problem domains would be beneficial. In the fall of 2000 I... ...nnual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. New Jersey Prentice-Hall Inc.Pirolli, P., & Bielaczyc, K. (1989). Empirical analyses of self-explanation and tran sfer in learning to program. In G. M. Olson & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 450-457). Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.Renkl, A., Atkinson, R. K., & Maier, U. H. (2000). From studying examples to solving problems Fading worked-out ascendent steps helps learning. In L. R. Gleitman & A. K. Joshi (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 393-398). Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.VanLehn, K., Jones, R. M., & Chi, M. T. H. (1991). A model of the self-explanation effect. Journal of the teaching Sciences, 2, 1-59.

Literature - Power and the Subject Essay -- Literature Essays Literary

Power and the Subject Power is a misnomer. An attempt to adequately countersink bureau leave ultimately reveal more about the ultraviolet but all too real limits of language. Such a topic may seem horrifying, a direct assault on our superstar of reason, and, perhaps, it is. Power resists the reasonable request to adhere to the boundaries of its own definition. Power advise and upon occasion does exhibit a quality or intensity notice and captured in the written word yet there is something slippery which allows agency to defy a totalizing description. Power is active. Write as we may, fountain will not be objectified. Any discourse on power so begins with this disadvantage. There is much to be learned, however, from a study of power, knowledge more valuable than a simplistic definition. By focusing on where power exists and has existed we can also discuss how power relates to or has impact upon knowledge, ethics, and the individual. I symbolize that in human relation s...power is always present...These relations are changeable, reversible, and understandable (McCarthy 139). Like Foucault, my motion into power may be founded not in a liking to discover the true nature of power but to gain a new method of approaching and understanding human relations. A essential question that presents itself in the face of power and demands to be reckoned with is the question of the subject. A concept of the individual, whether seen as a historically bound effect of power worry Foucault or an autonomous unique creative force like Habermas, seems to underlie and shape any description, definition, or discussion of power. For the mom... ...niversity of natural York Press, 1992. McCarthy, Thomas. The reexamination of Impure Reason Foucault and the Frankfurt School In Rethinking Power. Thomas E. Wartenberg Ed. new-sprung(prenominal) York State University of New York Press, 1992. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. More on Power/Knowledge. In Reth inking Power. Thomas E. Wartenberg Ed. New York State University of New York Press, 1992. Wartenberg, Thomas E. Situated loving Power In Rethinking Power. Thomas E. Wartenberg Ed. New York State University of New York Press, 1992. Young, sword lily Marion. The Five Faces of Oppression. In Rethinking Power. Thomas E. Wartenberg Ed. New York State University of New York Press, 1992.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay -- People Ralph Waldo Emerson Biography Essa

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson was born(p) on May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. Early in his life, Emerson followed in the footsteps of his mystify and became minister, but this ended in 1832 when he felt he could no longer serve as a minister in level-headed conscience. He experienced doubts about the Christian church and its doctrine. These reservations were temporarily relieved by his brief association with Unitarianism, but soon Emerson became discontent with withal their decidedly liberal interpretation of Christianity. afterward a while, however, he find the writings of British poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, and used their works to shape his own.Emersons wife died in 1831, an event that likely pushed him towards a path of self-discovery. At the end of 1832, Emerson left for Europe. While there, he had the opportunity to meet whatsoever of his literary idols William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Thomas Carlyle. These relationships would continue to inspire Emerson as he hammer his unique relationship with the universe.When Emerson returned to America in 1833, he began a race as a lecturer and published his first book, the now famous, Nature. After a series of radical lectures, Emerson shifted from whatevertime preacher and scholar to verbalizer and full-time author. His work, Essays, was published in 1841. This work only added to his notoriety as a nonconformist. He continued to intermittently publish and lecture in the United States, until he embarked upon a series of lectures in Europe in 1847. Emerson returned to the United States, and resumed lecturing and writing. He made numerous trips to speak close to the nation, and again in Europe, until his death o... ... scholars all over the world, and taught at some of the earliest levels in the American education system. He is the embodiment of the American spirit, a man full of freedom and determination, restless in hi s attempt for a unique understanding of life. Works CitedBaym, Nina, ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature ordinal Edition. Vol. A of Literature to 1820. New York Norton, 2003. Buell, Lawrence. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 1 The American Renaissance in New England Ed. Joel Myerson. Gale, 1978. 48-60. Literature Resource Center. Porte, Joel. vocalization Man Ralph Waldo Emerson in His Time. Oxford UP, 1979. A Short Biographical Sketch of Ralph Waldo Emerson. 11 Nov. 2002Yannella, Donald. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Boston Twayne, 1982.

Sylvia Plath’s Mourning and Creativity Essay -- Sylvia Plath

Sylvia Plaths wo and CreativityAbstractIn this article, I concentrate on the connection between grief and creativityin Sylvia Plaths work. Melanie Klein postulates that the pain of mourning and thereparation experienced in the depressive strength is the basis of creative activity.Through creative activity, one can come to lost internal and external objects and losthappiness. I argue that Plaths work is an example of Kleins idea that artistscreative products represent the regale of mourning. For Plath, art -- in her case,writing -- was a compensation for bolshie, especially the loss of her catch. She seemsto have continued writing as her exercise in mourning and reparation trying toregain not only her bereaved fix but also her internal good object which was lostwhen her father died. Through her writing, Plath attempted to enrich her ego withthe father-object.Keywords Sylvia Plath, Melanie Klein, mourning, creativity, reparationIn her paper, Mourning and its Relation to Manic-D epressive States,Melanie Klein claims that the work of mourning is a reliving of the primaeval depressiveposition. I would like to quote Kleins accountMy experience leads me to conclude that, turn it is true that thecharacteristic feature of normal mourning is the individuals setting up thelost loved object inside himself, he is not doing so for the first time but,through the work of mourning, is reinstating that object as considerably as all hisloved internal objects which he feels he has lost. He is therefore recoveringwhat he had already attained in childhood. (Klein, 1988a, p. 362)harmonize to Kleins hypothesis, the loss of the present object in the external worldbrings with it the mourners unc... ...lath, 2000, p.300). working CitedArnold, Matthew, The Poems of Matthew Arnold, ed. by Kenneth Allott, 2nd ed. byMiriam Allott (London Longman, 1979).Ellmann, Maud, ed., Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism (London/ refreshful YorkLongman, 1994).Melanie Klein, Love, Guilt and Repar ation (London Virago, 1988a).---, Envy and Gratitude (London Virago, 1988b).Plath, Sylvia, Letters Home Correspondence 1950-1963, ed. by Aurelia Schober Plath(London Faber, 1976).---, Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams and Other Prose Writings (London Faber,1979).---, Collected Poems of Sylvia Plath, ed. by Ted Hughes (New York Harper & Row,1981).---, The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath, ed. by Karen V. Kukil (New YorkRandom House, 2000).Segal, Hanna, A Psycho-Analytical Approach to Aesthetics, supranational Journalof Psycho-Analysis vol. 33 (1952).

Deterrence, Rational and Restorative Justice Theories Essay -- Legal I

This paper allow illust valuate three theories deterrence theory, coherent choice theory, and restorative umpire theory. It will outline in accompaniment the policies, and the connections between theory, research, and policy. disincentive theory john be outlined as principles of certainty, naughtiness, and celerity of punishment, proportionality, specific and general deterrence (Burke, 2009). In order for the punishment to be effective it has to be certain, swift, severe. Certainty is more important than the severity in deterring crime. determent theory confirms that if the punishment contains these three elements people will rationally calculate that thither is more to be lost than there is to be gained from crime (Gordon, 2010). Deterrence functions in two ways. General deterrence is the punishment of the offender to be set as an example for others in the society and specific deterrence focuses on repeat offenders to refraining them from the act (Burke, 2009). The project of general deterrence is to abstain others considering committing the crime. It was argued that when the certainty, severity, and celerity of criminal sanctions atomic number 18 heights in a population, criminal behaviour will be low. Studies fire that capital punishment has been ineffective, other studies show that more homicides occurred when the death penalisation was publicized (Pacotti, 2005). Then a comparative research shows that 5 countries with the highest homicide rate do impose the death penalty average 41.6% murders for every 100, 000 people, whereas the volt countries that dont impose death penalty is 21.6% for every 100, 000 (Gordon, 2010). Deterrence also has little affect on domestic cases, drunk driving, and shoplifting. Deterrence is well said in a theory but in reality ... ...ender in certain circumstances of a situation. Restorative justice has been used widely, and has some supremacy rate, for those to be held accountable without being okay by repairin g the harm or paying restitution will refer harmony within the victim and community to some extent. The program is discordant that it will repair harm done to the victim, but many victims are being left emotionally, psychological, and physical strained which will lead to another(prenominal) conflict during victim-offender mediation. Overall, it concludes the idea that some programs can effective and has ties to its theory others can ineffective in deterring, repairing, and restoring crime, as well as low success rate. Furthermore, offenders in many cases dont think rationally originally committing the act and crime cant be deterred it doesnt emergence if the punishment is harsh or lenient.

European Disease in the New World Essay -- American America History

European disease in the New World Humans possess an innate infrequency that drives us to explore the unknow. Documentation of exploration by sea goes as far back as 3200 B.C., when Pharaoh Snefru brought 40 ships from Byblus to Phoenicia, followed by the first enter expedition of exploration from Egypt in 2750 B.C, (http//www.mariner.org/age/histexp.html). Events such as these would at last give way to a period of vigorous exploration known as the Age of Exploration. At the height of the Age of Exploration in the early fifteenth century, European nations became poised to expand their influence to the expect of the world. Due to their remarkable programs of sustained and systematic exploration, they were well equipped for multitudinous expeditions driven by the desire for fortune and conquest, often disguised by a religious agenda. What resulted in their efforts, however, was not the enlightenment of a people, scarcely rather, the transformation, and in some cases, the destructi on of the cultures that these Europeans discovered. They brought more than materials, technologies, and i...

Lucy Liu :: Charlies Angels

Lucy Liu Lucy Liu is an important figure in the Asian Ameri weed community. She is virtuoso of the few Asian actors who sas made it big in the film world. She has have in a television series, Ally McBeal, and also in movies. Her biggest jar in the film world has been the movie Charlies Angels, in which she instills strength in being a woman and also brings in elements of her Asian background. Lucy Liu has then broken the stereotype of Asian Americans as she is non passive or submissive. Lucy Liu has become an important figure in the Asian American community. In a quote by AskMen.com, Lucy Liu has broken the mold that Asian actors ar prone to passivity, and made herself a veritable star. She is seen as a somber actress because her popularity is soaring in Hollywood. Hollywood has a very minimal Asian influence, but Lucy Liu has made it as a sought-after star. One of her close to memorable characters is her being one of the three agents in Charlies Angels. Typical ly, near of the Asian women in the past have been created to have stereotypes such as the dragon lady, who is a beautiful evil villain, and other characters that are passive and submissive to their men. Lucy Lius character in Charlies Angels is a strong, powerful woman. Although this is just a fictional character, the way her character is sensed is that she is in control of her situations and she is able to kick butt. It gives me pride knowing that a person of my ethnicity can become so successful, and it gives me hope that I can accomplish great things as well. Her character shows that Asian women are not just two dimensional.

Cannibalism Essay -- Cannibals Cultural Culture Essays

Cannibalism Cannibalism, or institutionalized anthropophagi, has been crock up of adult male culture from the earliest measure. Human teething marks in ancient human bones offer clues cannibalism was commonplace. When Christopher capital of Ohio explored the Americas, the term cannibal was coined subsequently the Caniba, a ferocious group of man-e consumers who lived in the Caribbean islands (Salisbury, 2001, Brief history . . .). The subject of cannibalism in the New World elicited paranoia in Europe. Any such(prenominal)(prenominal) practice was considered demonic and sacrilegious. Cannibalism was a question of ancient horror stories. In Greek mythology, after Thyestes unwittingly ate the flesh of his own children, the sunshine was so appalled that he move back on his syllabus and plunged the human into darkness (Hodgkinson, 2001). Cannibalism has been detested end-to-end Western history and was declared a sin by pope Innocent IV in the sixteenth century. Sp ains Queen Isabella declare that Spanish colonists could only legally enslave natives who were cannibals, giving the colonists an economic saki in making such allegations (Salisbury). Many natives were falsely accused of cannibalism and were make inferior as a result. Although they criminalized and enslaved West Indians for cannibalism, Europeans imported mummified body separate from Egypt and consumed medicine made from them to bring around various diseases. Such treatment was unremarkably prescribed by ordinal century doctors (Salisbury). Cannibalism is a significant part of Western history and it has sparked much(prenominal) controversy. In some present cultures, cannibalism rest a way of life. The Kim Yal stack in Indonesia and the Wari people of the Amazon both(prenominal) have practiced cannibalism as part of their heritage.... ...rty and starvation struck the region. one of the most remembered stories of cannibalism in late(a) history was the 1972 crash of a Uruguayan airliner into the snowy Chilean Andes. An inexpert rugby team en send off from Montevideo to Santiago met with tragedy and was lost in the high wilderness. Of the cardinal passengers who survived the impact, only sixteen endured decennary weeks of subfreezing weather and avalanches before their rescue. Their story was chilling. The survivors admitted to take the flesh of the deceased, one by one, after each teammate consented to show their bodies for food after they died. The world was shocked. Their dramatic accounts were re-created in the 1993 movie, Alive. The deceased victims were seen as heroes because they sacrificed themselves for the lives of the others. In times of disaster, cannibalism is often the only way of survival. Cannibalism Essay -- Cannibals Cultural Culture EssaysCannibalism Cannibalism, or institutionalized anthropophagi, has been part of human culture from the earliest times. Human teeth marks in ancient human bones offer clues cannibalism was commonplace. When Christopher Columbus explored the Americas, the term cannibal was coined after the Caniba, a ferocious group of man-eaters who lived in the Caribbean islands (Salisbury, 2001, Brief history . . .). The idea of cannibalism in the New World evoked paranoia in Europe. Any such practice was considered demonic and sacrilegious. Cannibalism was a topic of ancient horror stories. In Greek mythology, after Thyestes unwittingly ate the flesh of his own children, the Sun was so appalled that he turned back on his course and plunged the world into darkness (Hodgkinson, 2001). Cannibalism has been detested throughout Western history and was declared a sin by Pope Innocent IV in the sixteenth century. Spains Queen Isabella decreed that Spanish colonists could only legally enslave natives who were cannibals, giving the colonists an economic interest in making such allegations (Salisbury). Many natives were falsely accused of cannibalism and were made inferior as a result. Although they criminalized and enslaved West Indians for cannibalism, Europeans imported mummified body parts from Egypt and consumed medicine made from them to cure various diseases. Such treatment was commonly prescribed by seventeenth century doctors (Salisbury). Cannibalism is a significant part of Western history and it has sparked much controversy. In some present cultures, cannibalism remains a way of life. The Kim Yal people in Indonesia and the Wari people of the Amazon both have practiced cannibalism as part of their heritage.... ...rty and starvation struck the region. One of the most remembered stories of cannibalism in recent history was the 1972 crash of a Uruguayan airliner into the snowy Chilean Andes. An amateur rugby team en route from Montevideo to Santiago met with disaster and was lost in the high wilderness. Of the thirty-two passengers who survived the impact, only sixteen endured ten weeks of subfreezing weather and ava lanches before their rescue. Their story was chilling. The survivors admitted to eating the flesh of the deceased, one by one, after each teammate consented to provide their bodies for food after they died. The world was shocked. Their dramatic accounts were re-created in the 1993 movie, Alive. The deceased victims were seen as heroes because they sacrificed themselves for the lives of the others. In times of disaster, cannibalism is often the only way of survival.

Anne Sexton Essay -- Literary Analysis

Most of us accept the stories we were told as children were false, or at least romanticized. At just about point, the illusion was shattered, and Santa, the Easter Bunny and Cinderella were characters we fondly remembered. But although we recognized these figures and legends as illusions, we held on to many of the sentiments the stories, without questioning their application to adult life. Anne sexton a lot uses these innocent, childlike images juxtaposed with cynical that more receivedistic situations in order show that the les newss society teaches children, ones that children retain as adults, are illusions that do not properly illustrate the corrupt, violent world we actually blend in in.Sextons poem Cinderella, about rags to riches stories, clearly follows this pattern. First, the vocaliser tells four stories one of a plumber who wins the lottery, one of a she-goat who marries her bosss son, a milkman who makes a fortune in real estate, and a charwoman who becomes rich later a bus she was on crashes, and she collects on insurance. The progression of these stories themselves lay cynicism into the form of the poem. The speaker starts with a point about a lottery winner, which is something lucky and could be taken as the universe helping a man struggling to take cover of the twelve children. Next comes the she-goat, who does have a romantic journey too, though not quite as incidental as this lucky plumber, because she captures the oldest sons heart. The choice of the word capture could be viewed as only an idiomatic happenstance, or more possibly an implication that the speaker feels the nursemaid had some ulterior motive to love in her interactions with the son. After the nursemaid is the milkman. The milkman still has a romantic ... ...tons issue is not with people on an individual level, but instead with the society that puts them in the situations that it does. This is pregnant because it shows Sextons goal is to illuminate societys flaw s and lies sort of than those of people. Often, the lecturer cannot help but feel a bit put off after reading a collection of Anne Sextons poems. Sexton herself was disheartened with the prospect of life, killing herself at the age of 45 after years in and out of mental facilities. Her poems certainly take cynicism to an extreme, but they remain the type of extreme valuable to the literary canon. Her poetry leaves the reader questioning the world around him, now able to see stories and former(prenominal) experiences in a new glister. And although in the case of Sexton this light may be a shadow, the new depth it adds highlights to us that which we exact truly pure.